DET30053
POWER SYSTEM
TOPIC 5
CONSUMERIZATION
LEARNING OUTCOME :
At the end of lessons, students should be able to ;
5.1 Remember the power quality issues
5.2 Understand the electrical energy demand
5.3 Apply the understanding of electrical energy
demand
Under Voltage or Over Voltage
Over voltage or under voltages means,
supply voltage pr less than the allowable
tolerances.
These are the causes of unbalance of
supply and consumption of reactive
energy in network
If generation of reactive power in more
then the consumption supply voltage will
be high.
If generation of reactive power is less
than the consumption voltage will be less.
Voltage Dip and Surges
Voltage Dip and Surges are caused by
abrupt increases in load such as short
circuit or faults, motor starting or electric
heaters turning on, or they are caused by
abrupt increases in source impedance,
typically caused by loose connection.
Blackout ( power Outage)
Blackout or Power outage means energy
is not available for work.
Power outage may be caused by generator
maintenance outage, failure of equipment
of any critical element.
Harmonic Distortions
Electricity generation is normally
produced at constant frequency of 50 Hz
and generated voltage can be consider
practically sinusoidal
However, when a source of sinusoidal
voltage is applied to nonlinear device or
load, the resulting current is not perfectly
sinusoidal.
In the presence of system impendence of
this cause a non sinusoidal voltage drop
causing voltage distortion at the load
terminals known as harmonic distortion.
Transients
Transients disturbances are high
frequency events with durations much
less than one cycle of supply
Causes are switching, lightening strikes on
the network.
Transients can have magnituds of several
thousands volt and so can causes serious
damage to both the installation and the
equipment connected to it.
A good earthing greatly reduces the
transients
Switching Transients
Effects of Power Quality
The effect of over voltage and under voltage is to cause
higher energy consumption
For a given MW of power rating, the current drawn goes
up inversely in proportion to the voltage – drop in voltage
would result in increased current
Increased current causes increase in I2R losses of network.
Drop in efficiency of motor characteristics of motor are
such that a drop in voltage will mean a higher energy.
Effect of harmonics is power consumption increase,
thermal losses and increased stray losses in transformer.
Power Quality Solution
Surge protection
UPS
Backup generator
Trus RMS measurement
Multiple cables for harmonic loads
Passive filters
Natural upsizing
ELECTRICAL ENERGY DEMAND
Electrical Energy Demand
The Total power drawn by customer fluctuates
between wide limit, depending on the time of the
day
A typical load curve is shown in figure recording
usage withing 24 hour period.
Midnight 23:00 – 5.00 hours : minimal activity
contributes to low demand
After 5.00 hours : Anticipate activity when people
starts wakeup and daily activities ( people go to
work)
8 a.m : The goverment office begin their
activities and consumed major load ( air-
conditioning)
9 00 am : The private sector, commercial
centre and shopping centre start their
businesses and consume power for
operation.
10.00 – 15.00 hours : anather stage of
increase in consumption
17.00 : Gaverment office start to close,
followed by private and industrial sector
– decline the consumption
22.00 The consumption begin decline to
minimum level
Curve given information to plan for the
operation of their generator in order to
cope with the deman and trying to
achieve optimum economic operation
Important Terms & Factor in power plant
Engineering
1. Connected Load It is the sum of continuous
rating of all the equipments connected to the
supply system.
2. Maximum Demand It is the greatest demand of
load on the power station during a given period
3. Demand Factor It is the ratio of maximum
demand on the power station to its connected
load
Demand factor = maximum demand
connected load
4. Average load
The average of loads occuring on the power
station in a given period ( day/month /year).
average load = no. of unit (Kwh) generated in day Daily
24 hour
Example 1 ;
Example 2 ;
Time
0-7 7 – 13 13 - 14 14 – 17 17 - 24
(Hours)
Load (MW) 30 70 40 80 60
Calculate the average load for the generating station based on
table above.
Time (0 – 7) = 7
Load = 7 x 30 = 210MW
Time (7 – 13) = 6
Load = 6 x 70 = 420MW
Time (13 – 14) = 1
Load = 1 x 40 = 40MW
Time (14 – 17) = 3
Load = 3 x 80 = 240MW
Time (17 – 24) = 7
Load = 7 x 60 = 420MW
Total load = 210 + 420 + 40 + 240 + 420 = 1330MW
Average load = 1330/24 = 55.4MW
