Chapter 5

Program Development Process

 Introduction
All agencies, organizations, councils or
local government units are organized and
established because they have goals to achieve.
These goals are achieved through development
realistic and double plans and programs which
answer the problems and needs of their
constituents. These group/organization or
agencies are operating based on legal bases as
mandated by law or their constitutions and by-
laws.
Plan
Technically a plan is a written document
covering specific period of time, that contains
the organization/agency’s vission, mission,
goals, program thrust, projects, approaches and
strategies, policies and rules, structure, linkage,
manpower and funding requirements. In many
cases a plan is guided by deep-seated beliefs or
statement of philosophy that guides the
organization.
 Program, projects, concepts, types and
characteristics
A plan can be a
Personal plan
Organizational plan
Agency plan
Barangay/city/municipal development plan
It can be describe as;
short-range
medium range or long range
 Example of plan
Province The palawan ten-year development
plan

Government agency The department of agrarian reform

development plan

Cooperative/people’s oragnization The mataas na kahoy multi-purpose

cooperative three year development
plan
Barangay (local government unit) city Barangay maligaya five year
development plan
Quezon city medium term development
plan
Program
A plan is made operational by breaking it into
programs or popularly called as program thrusts of an
agency, organizational or local government unit.
Program defined by:
• Ruiz 1998- a program is composed of a cluster of
projects to be to be undertaken which when combined
together will accomplish a brader predefined goals.
• Mercado 1997- according his a program is a package of
Interalated projects to meet certain socio economis goal.
A government plan is composed of the
following programs
1. Infrastructure program
2. Research program
3. Institutional development program
4. Administrative program
Project
A program is composed of Interrelated
activities performed in order to accomplish
predetermined objectives.
The examples of project are:
• Construction of Day care Center
• Supplemental Feeding Project
• Green Project and community- Based
Hatchery
 Kinds of project
1. health and nutrition
2. Food production
3. Infrastructure development
4. Sports and curriculum development
5. Job placement
6. Spiritual development
7. Justice peace and order
8. Educational technology transfer
9. Population education and environmental protection
conservation
 Project can also be categorized as:
 Infrastructure
 Social
 Economic
 Cultural
 Environmental
 Business
 Recreational
 Educational
 Communication
 Historical
 Characteristics of programs/projects in
Extension and rural development
1. Programs /projects are influenced by political leader’s vission mission.
2. Programs are influenced by the priorities of the assisting
organization/agency
3. Programs require multi-agency collaboration
4. Programs although funded by external agencies, requires LGU
leadership and supervission.
5. Programs need particiatory strategies from planning, implementation u
to evaluation
6. Programs/projects are market-driven, technology-based, people
managed and initiated
7. Programs are direct effects on productivity, efficiency, improved
product quality and greater revenue
8. Programs are categorized according to local government code (1991)
priorities
 Program development
 Is defined as a process that start from situation
analysis up to the appraisal of program
accomplishments.
 It is composed of seven distinct processes or
stages wherein each stage is a process by
itself.
 The seven process for program
development
1. Situational analysis
2. Organization for process
3. Program planning process
4. Planned program
5. Plan work
6. Execution
7. Appraisal of accomplishment
Situational analysis
 Situational analysis defined as an activity of
careful and critically examining in detail the
conditions, nature/trends and quality of an area.
Situational analysis some questions
 What situation?
 What is the target area or the group?
 What is the coverage/ scope of the agency or
local government unit
Idealized chart of program development

5.
4.
Plan of
program
work

3. 6.
Program Execution of
planning the plan of
Program
process work
Development
7.
2. Appraisal of
Organization accomplishment
for planning s
1.
Situation
analysis
 Data information
1. Historical information – who are they early settlers,
ethnicity, reasons for migration, date of creation, major
events in the life of he community like construction of
the first school building, water system, power
installation, ect.

2. Geographic information - areas, location, water and

other natural resources, mountains, name and number
of “sitious/puroks” or sub-villages, distance from the
market, poblocion, highway and cities, soil type,
topography
3. Demographic information- number of
households, population, migration, age sex, age
distribution, birth rate, number of deaths.
4. Economic information – income resources (off-
farm, on-farm, non farm), amount of income,
crops planted, animals raised, employment,
industries, livelihood sources and status.
5. Social information - education, health,
nutrition, housing, peace and order, fire
protection, Gos and NGOs providing social
sevices.
6. Institutional – market, banks, religious centers,
school, cooperative, women’s organization, youth
clubs, recreational centers, Gos and NGOs
existing in the area.
7. Communication and transportation – roads,
bridges, vehicles, communication systems-
telephone, 2-way radio, cellphones, radio, tv, and
access to print materials or publications.
8. Political information – local government
councils, local councils, internal reveneu
allotment, (IRA) sources of funds, local political
structure.
 Organizational for planning
 Before conducting the serious task of program
planning, we should answer the question “who
are the planners?
 Good and effective planners prossess
commitment, honestly, trust, credibility,
innovativeness, community interst, sevice,
transparency and concern for total human
development of their contituents or target
clientele.
 Program planning process
 Planning is basically a decision making
process. It is deciding In advance what to do,
when to do it, who will do it, why, and how
much is needed ? It is forecasting future
activities (sanders, 1996). Plans are made
because there us a need to ensure the
effectiveness, efficiency, succes and achieved
satisfaction.
In extension program planning, the steps
are ;
• Identifying target area and people
• Resource assessment
• Problem identification and prioritization
• Objective formulation
• Action to be undertaken (program, projects, activities)
• Strategies of implentation
• Identifying people to be involved
• Duration
• Estimating budget needed and source
 Plan program
The output or product of planning is an
agency/organizational or a community
development plan the plan must be written for
approval, by legal bodies, for funding and
submission to higher authorities.
 Plan work
the development plan composed of several
programs and projects when written is very
general. In order to make it operational and ready
for implementation, a detailed work plan must be
prepared to guide planners and Implementors on
what to do plan of work can be done by program,
by committee, by unit depending on the
magnitude of the plan. A work of plan can be also
be annual, semi-annual, quarterly, monthly,
weekly or daily.
 Execution of work plan
This is the stage of putting plants into action or reality
sometimes planners are not implementors and therefore
must know and prepare the following expected target,
outputs, requirements/resources needed, technical aspect,
financial requirements, date of completion, alternative
action and sensitivity to the situation.
Good managers always say that there is no substitute of
effective and regular supervission. The lead person of the
responsible manager/chairman/leader must be identified
in every phase of the plan to pinpoint authority and
responsibility.
Appraisal of accomplishments
this is basic in all plan, program and
projects. Plans are prepared to be implemented
and evaluated when project is going on and at
project completion.
 Program planning process
 Program planning – is one of the major functions
of a group of people mandate/appointed/designated
to develop programs/projects for the organization,
for their community or for a specific target group.
 Planning – is the serious and systematic process of
problem analysis, formulating objectives,
identifying programs/projects/activities, choosing
strategies, and estimating budget requirements.
 Reasons for planning
1. Plans guide implementors on what to do, who will do it, when to do it, how
much fund are needed.
2. Plans are prepared foe submission for funding
3. Plans are bases for monitoring, documentation and evaluation.
4. Plans are bases of performance evaluation.
5. Plans minimize errors/failures in implementation.
6. Plans are bases for fund allocation and additional fund sourcing.
7. Plans inspired people to work hard. It motivates/challenges people.
8. Plans justify hiring people, specify qualifications needed and number of
people to be hired.
9. Plans can be used as bases for revission, improvement or sttopage of the
projects.
10. Plans are made for optimum utilization of human, physical financial and
institutional resources.
 Principle of program planning
1. Problem and needs- based program – This method guide to planner to determine the
needed and wants of the people in order to identify what and how it can be provide. The
organization or the audience can able to participate and share their wants.
2. Resource availability – are resources needed in the project available? Are we going to
have continuous supply?
3. Technology availability – do we have available technology that can be acquired by
target users?are they free or are they sold?

the users of technology usually consider the following characteristics

a. Global competitiveness
b. Economic viabilty
c. Socially acceptability
d. Technical soundness
e. Environment friendly
f. Political support
4. Funding requirement and sources –
programs/project need initial investment as well
as operating expenses. Start small with some
economics and social projects by phases, is
possible.
5. committed, innovative and aggressive planners
– there are various ways of solving problem, what
are need the desire, commitment and
determination to solve the problem.
6. Linkage and partnership – mutual and sincere
linkages must be established in a business like-
manner.
7. Coordination and cooperation – program
planning requires cooperation from various sector
and strong coordination in order to avoid
duplication of efforts/projects and attain
efficiency in the use of scarce resources .
8. People first – all programs must contribute to the
development of people first and foremost. This is
the primary and ultimate consideration.
9. Project sustainability - projects must be
sustainable, this means continuity and vialability
of projects for a long-time and with minimum
destruction on the environment.
 Programs/projects must not only be:
SMART but SMARTEST
S – specific
M – measurable
A – attainable
R – realistic
T – time-bound
E – encouraging
S – satisfying
T - transforming
 Steps in planning
1. Identifying target area and peole
2. Resource assessment
3. Problem identification and prioritization
4. Objective formulation
5. Action to be undertaken
(programs/projects/activities/policies)
6. Strategies of implementation
7. Identifying people to be involved
8. Duration/date of implementation
9. Estimating budget needed and source
 Approaches in planning
1. Top-level planning -this is the common practice in many
organizations and local government units where the top-level
executive/selected local government officials and appointed officials
develop general plans for the organization/agencies municipalities and
cities.
2. Grassroots or mass-based planning - this is the involving planning
strategy wherein the two level officials or the rural people, the
members of the community participate in project/organizational
planning
3.Joint planning – this is a planning approach wherein top-level officials,
middle level and representatives of the community/workers/members.
4. Team/committee planning – is a participatory approach involving
elected leader like city or municipal councillor
 Problem analysis
Problem – are part of the community life. They are
challenges to local leaders and serve as motivations to
work harder .
Level of analysis can be :
a. Individuals – students, workers, anybody
b. Group or family, member organization/association
team
c. councils – like barangay/municipal/city provincial
development councils
d. Top/middle elected and appointed officials.
 There are three methods of analysis

1. Micro-web analysis – participants usually

meet in place that is convenient to everybody
 Format in the discussion
1. Introduction
2. Statement of purpose
3. Problem presentation
4. Summarization
5. Consensus building
2. Macro-web analysis – is almost the same in
the micro-wave analysis, the difference lies in
the problem exploration done by the team.
3. Problem tree analysis – it is composed of
roots, trunk and crown in which these parts are
used in analyzing problems.
Thank You !!!