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“COMPUTER
NETWORK”

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ISO-OSI MODEL
& IT’S LAYERS

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OSI (Open MasterInterconnection)
System title style

• Developed by ISO – “International Organization for

Standardization” in the year 1984.
• The OSI model (open system Interconnection
model) is a conceptual framework used to describe
the functions of a networking system. The OSI
model characterizes computer function into a
universal set of rules and requirement. In order to
support interoperability between different products
and software.

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LAYERS title style
OF ISO-OSI MODEL”
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TRANSPORT

NETWORK

DATA LINK

PHYSICAL 4 4
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Physical Master
Layer – title style Data Link Layer (DLL)
Layer1 – Layer 2

 The lowest layer of the OSI reference The data link layer is responsible for
model is the physical layer. the node-to-node delivery of the
It is responsible for the actual physical message.
connection between the devices. The main function of this layer is to
 The physical layer contains make sure data transfer is error-free
information in the form of bits. from one node to another, over the
 Functions of the physical layer- physical layer.
Bit synchronization When a packet arrives in a network,
Bit rate control it is the responsibility of the DLL to
Physical topologies
transmit it to the Host using its MAC
address.
Transmission mode
It is divided into two sublayers –
Logical Link Control
Media Access Control
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Network Master
Layer title3style
– Layer Transport Layer – Layer4

 The network layer works for the transmission  The transport layer provides services to the
of data from one host to the other located in application layer and takes services from the
different networks. It also takes care of packet network layer.
routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to  The data in the transport layer is referred to
transmit the packet, from the number of as Segments.
routes available. The sender & receiver’s IP
addresses are placed in the header by the  It is responsible for the End to End Delivery of
network layer. the complete message. The transport layer also
provides the acknowledgment of the successful
 Functions of the Network Layer data transmission and re-transmits the data if
• Routing an error is found.
• Logical Addressing • Functions of the Transport Layer
• Segmentation and Reassembly
• Service Point Addressing

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Session LayerMaster title
– Layer 5 style Presentation Layer – Layer6

 This layer is responsible for the establishment of  The presentation layer is also called
connection, maintenance of sessions, and the Translation layer. The data from the
authentication, and also ensures security. application layer is extracted here and
manipulated as per the required format to
 Functions of the Session Layer
transmit over the network.
• Session establishment, maintenance, and
 Functions of the Presentation Layer
termination.
• Translation.
• Synchronization
• Encryption/ Decryption
• Dialog Controller
• Compression

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Application Master– title
Layerstyle
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 At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find the Application layer which is
implemented by the network applications.
 These applications produce the data, which has to be transferred over the network. This layer
also serves as a window for the application services to access the network and for displaying the
received information to the user.
 Functions of the Application Layer-
• Network Virtual Terminal
• FTAM
• Mail Services
• Directory Services

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TCP/IP MODEL
& IT’S LAYERS

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TCP/IP(Transmission style Protocol/internet protocol)
Control

It was designed and developed by the Department

of Defence (DoD) in the 1960.
Based on standard protocols.
Concise version of OSI model.
It contains four layers –
• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Network Layer
• Network Access Layer (Data Link Layer & Physical Access Layer)

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1. Network Access Layer

Physical Layer
- It is a group of applications requiring network communications. This layer is
responsible for generating the data and requesting connections. It acts on behalf of the
sender and the Network Access layer on the behalf of the receiver.

Data Link Layer

- The packet’s network protocol type, in this case, TCP/IP, is identified by the data-link
layer. Error prevention and “framing” are also provided by the data-link layer.
Examples – Point-to-point Protocol (PPP) framing and Ethernet IEEE 802.2 framing.

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2. Internet Layer

- This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the protocols
which are responsible for the logical transmission of data over the entire network.
The main protocols residing at this layer are as follows:
IP: IP stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for delivering packets from the source
host to the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers.
IP has 2 versions: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the one that most websites are using currently. But
IPv6 is growing as the number of IPv4 addresses is limited in number when compared to the
number of users.
ICMP: ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is encapsulated within IP
datagrams and is responsible for providing hosts with information about network problems.
ARP: ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Its job is to find the hardware address of a
host from a known IP address. ARP has several types: Reverse ARP, Proxy ARP, Gratuitous
ARP, and Inverse ARP.

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3. Transport Layer
title style
- The TCP/IP transport layer protocols exchange data receipt
acknowledgments and retransmit missing packets to ensure that packets arrive in order and
without error. End-to-end communication is referred to as such. Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol are transport layer protocols at this level (UDP).
TCP:- Applications can interact with one another using TCP as though they were physically
connected by a circuit. TCP transmits data in a way that resembles character-by-character
transmission rather than separate packets. A starting point that establishes the connection, the
whole transmission in byte order, and an ending point that closes the connection make up this
transmission.
UDP:- The datagram delivery service is provided by UDP the other transport layer protocol.
Connections between receiving and sending hosts are not verified by UDP. Applications that
transport little amounts of data use UDP rather than TCP because it eliminates the processes of
establishing and validating connections.

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4. Application Layer
- This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for end-to-end
communication and error-free delivery of data. It shields the upper-layer applications from the
complexities of data.
The three main protocols present in this layer are:
• HTTP and HTTPS: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is used by the World Wide
Web to manage communications between web browsers and servers. HTTPS stands for HTTP-
Secure. It is a combination of HTTP with SSL(Secure Socket Layer). It is efficient in cases where
the browser needs to fill out forms, sign in, authenticate, and carry out bank transactions.
• SSH: SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a terminal emulations software similar to Telnet. The
reason SSH is preferred is because of its ability to maintain the encrypted connection. It sets up a
secure session over a TCP/IP connection.
• NTP: NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. It is used to synchronize the clocks on our
computer to one standard time source. It is very useful in situations like bank transactions.
Assume the following situation without the presence of NTP. Suppose you carry out a transaction,
where your computer reads the time at 2:30 PM while the server records it at 2:28 PM. The server
can crash very badly if it’s out of sync.

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Master title style TCP/IP
Application Layer Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Network Access Layer

Physical Layer

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“Difference betweentitle style and OSI Model”
TCP/IP

TCP/IP OSI
• TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol. • OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection
• TCP/IP uses both the session and presentation • OSI uses different session and presentation
layer in the application layer itself. layers
• TCP/IP follows connectionless a horizontal • OSI follows a vertical approach.
approach.
• In the OSI model, the transport layer provides
• The Transport layer in TCP/IP does not assurance delivery of packets.
provide assurance delivery of packets.
• While in the OSI model, Protocols are better
• Protocols cannot be replaced easily in TCP/IP covered and are easy to replace with the
model. technology change.
• TCP/IP model network layer only provides • Connectionless and connection-oriented
connectionless (IP) services. The transport services are provided by the network layer in
layer (TCP) provides connections. the OSI model.
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Thank You!

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