By
PROF. ANANDI REBELLO
What is Digestive System?
Digestive System is a group of organs working
together to convert food into energy and
basic nutrients to feed the entire body
Mouth
This is also known as Oral Cavity, This is
where you enter food.
-Teeth: Cutting and grinding food
-Tongue: Helps for swallowing
-Salivary Glands: Moisten the food
Pharynx
Responsible for the passing of masses of
chewed food from the mouth to esophagus.
Esophagus
Carries swallowed masses of masticated food
along its length.
Stomach
Acts as the storage tank for food.
Liver
Produces bile and its secretion to the small
intestine.
Gallbladder
Used to store and recycle excess bile from
the small intestine.
Pancreas
It secretes digestive enzymes into the small
intestine to complete the chemical
digestion of foods.
Small and Large Intestine
Small- maximize the digestion of food and
absorption of nutrients
Large- absorbs water and contains many
symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breaking
down of wastes to extract some small
amounts of nutrients.
FISHES
Food is ingested through the mouth of the fish
using the jaws.
The food then passes through the pharynx (throat)
into the esophagus and into the stomach
Partial digestion takes place here using gastric
juices (including acid and enzymes)
food proceeds to the intestine for more digestion
and absorption into the blood
Between the stomach and the intestine there is
usually a valve called the pyloric valve. Beyond
this valve, a duct from the liver and pancreas
enter the intestine to secrete digestive enzymes
including "pepsin and trypsin" into the food
AMPHIBIANS
Mouth and Oral Cavity
The roof of it is formed by a series of skeletal
elements
Tongue
A tongue that can be used for catching prey
as well as sensory input.
It varies greatly in size and importance
Oral glands
The glands of Amphibians are few in number and
are located on the roof of the mouth or on the
tongue
Esophagus and Stomach
The esophagus is short, ciliated, and well-
supplied with mucous glands
The stomach remains simple and straight or
gently curved
They swallow their prey whole, with some
chewing done in the oral cavities of some
species, so they possess stomachs.
Liver and Gall Bladder
The liver in most amphibians is large with two
lobes.
The size of the liver is determined by its vital
function as a glycogen and fat storage unit.
MAMMALS
The mammalian digestive system consists of the
alimentary canal (complete digestive tract) and
various accessory glands that secret digestive
juices into the canal through the ducts.
The food is moved along the tract by the
contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of
the canal.
These rhythmic contraction waves are called
peristalsis.
The regulation of passage of material from one
chamber to another within the canal is
controlled by ring-like valves called sphincters
The accessory glands of the mammalian digestive
tract are three pairs of salivary glands, the
pancreas, the liver, and its storage organ the gall
bladder.
Mouth: Foodstuffs are broken down mechanically
by chewing and saliva is added as a lubricant.
Pharynx - Out throat is the pharynx which leads
to both the esophagus and the windpipe
( trachea). When a human swallows the top of
the windpipe moves up so that its opening, the
glottis, is blocked by a flap of cartilage called
the epiglottis. This helps to ensure that the
bolus enters the esophagus.
Esophagus: A simple conduit between the mouth
and stomach - important but only marginally
interesting.
Stomach: Where the real action begins -
chemical digestion of proteins initiated and
foodstuffs reduced to liquid form.
Liver: The center of metabolic activity in the body
- its major role in the digestive process is to
provide bile salts to the small intestine, which are
critical for digestion and absorption of fats.
Pancreas: Important roles as both an endocrine
and exocrine organ - provides a potent mixture of
digestive enzymes to the small intestine which are
critical for digestion of fats, carbohydrates and
protein.
Small Intestine: The most exciting place to be in
the entire digestive system - this is where the final
stages of chemical digestion occur and where
almost all nutrients are absorbed.
Large Intestine: Major differences among species
in extent and importance - in all animals water is
absorbed, bacterial fermentation takes place
and feces are formed. In carnivores, that's about
the extent of it, but in herbivores like the horse,
the large intestine is huge and of critical
importance for utilization of cellulose.
BIRDS
Birds has faster and more efficient digestive
system than those of other vertebrate
groups.
Their beaks or bills replace the lips and
mouth of mammals and vary in shape.
Their tongue do helps manipulate food for
swallowing.
Food passes through esophagus on its way to
stomach.
Crop
Birds have a two part stomach,
granular portion known as Proventriculus
and the muscular portions known as
Gizzard.
REPTILES
Mouth & oral cavity- tetrapods such as
reptiles, typically have longer oral cavities
Teeth- reptiles still have teeth on the vomer,
palatine, & pterygoid bones
Tongue- primary tongue + glandular field (or
tuberculum impar) + lateral lingual swellings
(more hypobranchial muscle)
Tongue mobility- sometimes long and may move
in and out of the oral cavity
Oral glands- some reptiles secrete poison
Ex:(snake)
Pharynx- is the part of the foregut
preceeding the esophagus
Intestine- coiled small intestines & a
relatively (that empties into the cloaca)
Cloaca- chamber at end of digestive tract
that receives the intestine, & urinary &
genital ducts, & opens to the exterior via the
vent
