Dire Dawa University Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer

Engineering
Power Engineering chair
Introduction of Electrical Machine
Topic:-Transformer

Instructor: Samuel T.
Email:[email protected]
Academic Year 2014 EC
 Presentation Outline
1.Voltage regulation

2. Transformer efficiency

3.Auto transformer

4. Three phase Transformer

5. Connection of three phase transformer

6. Parallel operation of power transformer

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 Voltage regulation
 Voltage regulation is the measure of how well a power transformer can maintain
constant secondary voltage given a constant primary voltage and wide variance in
load current. The lower the percentage (closer to zero), the more stable the secondary
voltage and the better the regulation it will provide

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 Transformer Efficiency
 Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of the transformers
have full load efficiency between 95% to 98.5% . As a transformer being highly efficient,
output and input are having nearly same value, and hence it is impractical to measure the
efficiency of transformer by using output / input.

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 Conti…
• Where, The iron or core losses Pi (sum of hysteresis loss and eddy current loss) in a
transformer can be obtained from a no-load test. The core losses practically remain
constant if the input voltage is constant.
• The copper losses Pc can be calculated by performing a short-circuit test on the
transformer. These losses vary as the square of the load current.
• V2 = Secondary terminal voltage.
• I1 = Primary winding current.
• I2 = Secondary load current.
• Cos Φ2 = Power factor of the load (for purely resistive load it is 1).
• R1 & R2 = Primary and secondary winding resistance.
• R01 = Total resistance referred to the primary side.
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• R02 = Total resistance referred to the secondary side.
 Conti..
 Efficiency at any load is given by

η=
In a 250KVA,2000/200 V single phase transformer the iron and full load cupper loss are
350 and 400w respectively. Calculate the efficiency at unit power factors
i) Full load current
ii) Half full load

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 Condition for maximum efficiency of transformer
•To determine the condition of the load on the transformer at which the efficiency would be
maximum. Let, Primary input = V1 I1 Cos Φ1
•Iron loss = Pi
•Copper loss = I12 R01 or I22 R02

For efficiency to be maximum, the above equation should be differentiated with respect to
I1 and equating it to zero.

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 Autotransformer
 An autotransformer (or auto transformer) is a type of electrical transformer with only
one winding. The “auto” prefix refers to the single coil acting alone (Greek for “self”) –
not to any automatic mechanism. An auto transformer is similar to a two winding
transformer but varies in the way the primary and secondary winding of the transformer
are interrelated.
 The winding AB of total turns N1 is considered as
primary winding. This winding is tapped from point
′C′ and the portion BC is considered as secondary.
Let’s assume the number of turns in between points
′B′ and ′C′ is N2.
 If V1 voltage is applied across the winding i.e. in
between ′A′ and ′C′.
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 Conti…
 Hence, the voltage across the portion BC of the winding, will be

 As BC portion of the winding is considered as secondary, it can easily be understood

that value of constant ′k′ is nothing but turns ratio or voltage ratio of that auto
transformer. When load is connected between secondary terminals i.e. between ′B′ and
′C′, load current I2 starts flowing. The current in the secondary winding or common
winding is the difference of I2 and I1.

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 Conti…
 Now we will discuss the savings of copper in auto transformer compared to conventional
two winding transformer.
 We know that weight of copper of any winding depends upon its length and cross-
sectional area. Again length of conductor in winding is proportional to its number of
turns and cross-sectional area varies with rated current. So weight of copper in winding
is directly proportional to product of number of turns and rated current of the winding.
Therefore, weight of copper in the section AC proportional to
Hence, total weight of copper in the winding of auto transformer
proportional

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In similar way it can be proved, the weight of copper in two winding transformer is proportional to,
 Conti…

Let’s assume, Wa and Wtw are weight of copper in auto transformer and two winding
transformer respectively,

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 Conti…
Saving of copper in auto transformer compared to two winding transformer

Auto transformer employs only single winding per phase as against two distinctly separate
windings in a conventional transformer.

Saving will increase as K approach's to unit

If inductive load=input(1-k)
If conductive load= input*K

 An Autotransformer supplies a load 3kw at 115v,at unit power factor. If the applied
primary voltage is 230v. Calculate the power transformed to the load
a) Inductivity b) conductivity
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 Advantages of using Auto transformers
1.For transformation ratio = 2, the size of the auto transformer would be
approximately 50% of the corresponding size of two winding transformer. For
transformation ratio say 20 however the size would be 95 %. The saving in cost of the
material is of course not in the same proportion. The saving of cost is appreciable when
the ratio of transformer is low, that is lower than 2. Thus auto transformer is smaller in
size and cheaper.
2.An auto transformer has higher efficiency than two winding transformer. This is
because of less ohmic loss and core loss due to reduction of transformer material.
3.Auto transformer has better voltage regulation as voltage drop in resistance and
reactance of the single winding is less.

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 Disadvantages of Using Auto Transformer
1.Because of electrical conductivity of the primary and secondary windings the lower voltage circuit
is liable to be impressed upon by higher voltage. To avoid breakdown in the lower voltage circuit, it
becomes necessary to design the low voltage circuit to withstand higher voltage.
2.The leakage flux between the primary and secondary windings is small and hence the impedance is
low. This results into severer short circuit currents under fault conditions.
3.The connections on primary and secondary sides have necessarily needs to be same, except when
using interconnected starring connections. This introduces complications due to changing primary
and secondary phase angle particularly in the case of delta/delta connection.
4. because of common neutral in a star/star connected auto transformer it is not possible to earth
neutral of one side only. Both their sides should have their neutrality either earth or isolate
5. It is more difficult to maintain the electromagnetic balance of the winding when voltage
adjustment tapping are provided. It should be known that the provision of tapping on an auto
transformer increases considerably the frame size of the transformer. If the range of tapping is very
large, the advantages gained in initial cost is lost to a great event
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 Three phase transformer
 Up to this point we have been discussing single-phase transformers.
Three-phase transformers operate using the same principles of single phase
transformer.
 passing an alternating current through a primary winding causes an
alternating magnetic flux in the core, which induces an alternating voltage in
the secondary winding.
 In three-phase transformers there are three primary windings and three
secondary windings.
 Some three-phase transformers include windings for all three phases in one
tank.
 Other three-phase transformers have three single-phase transformers
connected together 15
Conti…

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 Transformer Bank
 The connection of two or more single-phase transformers as a unit is called a
transformer bank. The most common methods for connecting the windings are:
 Wye or Y (sometimes called star) connection
 Delta connection
 As we know the Wye (star) and Delta connections in Fundamentals of Electricity. Some
methods of connecting the windings result in a voltage phase difference between the
primary and the secondary windings. This is called a phase shift. The primary and
secondary windings need not have the same configuration.

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 Connection of three phase transformer
 We must consider these phase shifts before tying together circuits fed through different
types of transformers. For example, connecting a circuit fed by a Wye-Delta bank to a
circuit fed by a Wye-Wye bank results in excessive current flow because of the 30º phase
difference.

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 Parallel operation of Transformer
Why Parallel Operation of Transformers is required?
•To maximize electrical power system efficiency:
•Generally electrical power transformer gives the maximum efficiency at full load.
•To maximize electrical power system availability.
•To maximize power system reliability.
•To maximize electrical power system flexibility:

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 Conti…
Condition consider parallel connection of transformer:-
 same voltage ratio and turns ratio,
 same percentage impedance,
 same KVA rating, and
 same position of tap changer.
 The mandatory conditions are same phase angle shift, same polarity, same phase
sequence and same frequency.

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