Calculus and Analytical

Geometry

Functions

Dr. Samrina
Sahir
BOOKS
Functions
• A function f from set A to set B is a rule of correspondence
that assigns to each element x in set A exactly one element y
in set B.
f
x y =f(x)

A B
• A is called the domain (or set of allowable inputs) of f.
• B is called the co-domain of f and contains Range (or
set of outputs) of f.
• Denominator can never be zero
• Term inside square root will always be positive
 Cont..
• Each element in A (domain) must be matched with an
element of B (range).

• Each element in A is matched to not more than one

element in B.

• Some elements in B may not be matched with any

element in A.

• Two or more elements of A may be matched with the

same element of B.
Cont.
• Functions

x
f y1
y2

Domain Range

x1 f y
x2

Domain Range
Cont..
• Not a function

x f y1
y2

Domain Range

x1 f y
x2

Domain Range
Cont..
• For a given input x, the output of a function f is called the
value of f at x or the image of x under f.
• Sometimes we write y= f(x).

• The input variable x is called the independent variable and

the output y is called the dependent variable.
• For the function f(x) = 3x - 4,
f(5) = 3(5) - 4 = 15 - 4 = 11,
f(-2) = 3(-2) - 4 = - 6 - 4 = -10.
• We say, f of 5 is 11, and f of -2 is -10.
 Some simple Domains and Ranges of functions

Y=
Y = 1/x ≠ -ve
x≠0 x≤4
If x = 0, y will be undefined Y=
≠ -ve
-1 ≤ x ≤ 1
Practice questions
Graph of Functions

• We call a function f as real-valued function of a

real variable, if both independent and dependent
variables are real numbers.

• The graph of a real-valued function f in the xy-

plane is defined by the graph of equation y=f(x).

• The points on the graph of the function f(x) are of the

form (x , f(x)) or (x , y) where y=f(x).
Cont..

Graph of y = |x|
x
|x|
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
2 2
Cont..

Graph of y=x²
x
y=x²
2 4
1 1
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
Cont..

Graph of y  2
x y 30

x y  2x 20

2 0.25 10

1 0.5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x
0 1
-10

1 2
-20

2 4
-30

3 8
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
Vertical line test

• Vertical line test: A curve in xy-plane is the graph of some

function f if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve
more than once. For example following curve is a function
Related Problems, Ex # 1.1
Practice questions
PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS
 PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Example of Piecewise Defined Functions:
PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Related Problems Exercise # 1.1:

y-y1= m(x-x1)
y-0 = 2/T(x-T/2)
y = 2/Tx - 1
INCREASING & DECREASING FUNCTIONS

Example:
INCREASING & DECREASING FUNCTIONS
EVEN & ODD FUNCTIONS
EVEN & ODD FUNCTIONS
EVEN & ODD FUNCTIONS
SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS
SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS
SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS
SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS
SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS
SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS
SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS
Related Problems:
Question:
Kinetic energy The kinetic energy K of a mass is proportional to the square of its velocity v.
If K = 12,960 joules when v = 18 m/sec, what is K when v = 10 m/sec?
K = pv² K = 40*10*10 =4000
12960 = p (18)²
p = 12960/(18*18) = 40
Question:
The variables r and s are inversely proportional, and r = 6 when s = 4. Determine s when r = 10
s = k*1/r s = k*1/r
4 = k*(1/6) s = 24*(1/10)
k = 6*4 = 24 s = 2.4

Question:
Boyle’s Law Boyle’s Law says that the volume V of a gas at constant temperature increases
whenever the pressure P decreases, so that V and P are inversely proportional. If P = 14.7
lb/in² when V = 1000 in3, then what is V when P = 23.4 lb/in²?
P = k*1/v 23.4 = 14700*1/v
14.7 = k*(1/1000) v = 14700/23.4 = 628.2 in³
k = 14.7*1000 = 14700
ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTION

Domain:
 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTION

Example:
Practice Questions:
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

NOTE

Example:
Practice Questions:
 SHIFTING OR TRANSLATION OF GRAPH OF A
FUNCTION
A common way to obtain a new function from an existing one is by adding a constant to
each output of the existing function, or to its input variable. The graph of the new
function is the graph of the original function shifted vertically or horizontally, as follows.
 Related Problems:
Example:
Related Problems:
Practice Questions:
Exercise 1.2 page 19 (Q21-24)
 SCALING A GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

Scaling and Reflecting a Graph of a Function

To scale the graph of a function y = ƒ(x) is to stretch or compress it, vertically or horizontally.
This is accomplished by multiplying the function ƒ, or the independent variable x, by an
appropriate constant c.
Example:

Vertically stretching and compressing Horizontally stretching and compressing

the graph y = by a factor of 3 the graph y = by a factor of 3

(a) Vertical: Multiplying the right-hand side of y = by 3 to get y = 3 stretches the graph
vertically by a factor of 3, whereas multiplying by 1/3 compresses the graph by a factor of 3.
(b) Horizontal: The graph of y = is a horizontal compression of the graph of y = by a factor
of 3, and y = is a horizontal stretching by a factor of 3. Note that y = = so a horizontal
compression may correspond to a vertical stretching by a different scaling factor. Likewise, a
horizontal stretching may correspond to a vertical compression by a different scaling factor.
REFLECTING A GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
Related Problems:
Practice Questions:
Thank You