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Lahore Garrison University
STAT 114Probability&Statistics Week-2 Lecture-3
Semester- Fall 2018
Prepared by:
MR ARSHAD HAMEED
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Preamble (Past Lesson Brief)
Definition of Statistics &its Branches
Different types of data
Data Analysis
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Learning Outcomes
To learn what the value of the standard deviation of a data set implies about how the data
scatter away from mean.
To learn how to calculate standard deviation and variance for different types of data sets.
To use the Empirical rule and chebychev’s theorem to draw conclusions about data set.
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Measures of Dispersion
Definition
The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value is called the
dispersion, or variation, of the data.
Various measures of this dispersion (or variation) are available such as Range, Mean
Deviation, Standard Deviation, Variance.
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Important Measures of Variation
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or
dispersion of a set of data values.
Variance
The Variance is the square of Standard deviation
Note: Both measures reflect the same concept in measuring variability, but the sample
standard deviation measures variability in linear units whereas the sample variance is
measured in squared units. Both play huge roles in the use of statistical methods.
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How to calculate Standard Deviation
For ungrouped data
The standard deviation of a set of n numbers X1, X2, . . . , Xn is denoted by S and is defined by
For grouped data
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Practice Question
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Practice Question
The following measurements were recorded for the drying time, in hours of a certain
brand of latex paint.
Calculate standard deviation and variance
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Practice Question
From the following frequency distribution of heights, find the standard deviation height of
100 male students at XYZ University.
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Interpretation of the Standard Deviation
The Standard deviation has not a simple interpretation like Mean that is interpreted as
balancing point for the distribution. The Standard deviation is very important concept that
serves as a basic measure of variability. A smaller value of the Standard deviation
indicates that most of the observations in a data set are close to the mean while a large
value implies that observations in a data set are scattered widely about the mean.
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Some properties of Standard Deviation
The Empirical Rule
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Practice Question
Heights of 18-year old males have a bell shape distribution with mean 69.6 inches and
standard deviation 1.4 inches. What interval centered on the mean should contain about 95%
to all such men
Solution: By empirical rule the shortest such interval has end points
Mean±2S.D
So, the required interval is: 66.8 & 72.4
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Question:
The breaking strength of 20 test pieces of a certain alloy is given as under
95,103,97,130,96,73,78,95,89,68
82,79,69,67,83,108,94,87,93,117
Calculate the average breaking strength of the alloy and the Standard
deviation .Calculate the percentage of observations lying within the
limits :Solution :mean=90.15 , S.D= 15.99, 65% , 95%, 100%
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Practice Question
The following table shows the IQ’s of 480 school children at a certain elementary school.
Determine the following limits of the students’ IQ’s that fall within the
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Chebychev’s Theorem
The Empirical rule does not apply to all data sets, only to those that are bell shaped, and even
than is stated in terms of approximations. A result that applies to every data set is known as
Chebyshev’s theorem which states that
“At least (1-1/k2) of the data lie within k standard deviations of the mean, that is in the
interval with end points mean±kstandard deviation”
Where k is any positive number that is greater than1.
OR
Chebyshev’s theorem states that the proportion or percentage of any data set that lies within k
S.D of the mean is at least(1-1/k2)
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Practice Question
The mean score of an insurance commission examination is 75,with a standard deviation of
5.What percentage of the data set lies between 50 and 100
Solution: As we know that
Mean-k S.D=lower limit & Mean+K S.D=upper limit
so, k=5
To get the percentage use 1-1/k2=1-1/25=96%
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Home Assignment
Question
Consider the following data. Compute the standard deviation and variance.
3.4,2.5,4.8,2.9,3.6 2.8 ,3.3,5.6,3.7,2.8,4.4,4.0,5.2,3.0,4.8
Question
Twenty adult males between the ages of 30 and 40 participated in a study to evaluate the effect of a specific
health regimen involving diet and exercise on the blood cholesterol. Ten were randomly selected to be a
control group, and ten others were assigned to take part in the regimen as the treatment group for a period
of 6 months. The following data show the reduction in cholesterol experienced for the time period for 20
subjects
Compute the standard deviation for both control and treatment groups. Which group is more variable.
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Home Assignment
Question
The mean age of sales ladies in an ABC department store is 30, with a standard deviation of 6
. Between which two age limits must 75% of the data set lie?
Question
The mean score on an accounting test is 80, with a standard deviation of 10. Between which
two scores must this mean lie to represent 8/9 of the data set
The mean age of a flight attendant of PAL is 40 years old, with a standard deviation of 8.
What percent of the data set lies between 20 and 60?
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Q &A
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References
Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by Ronald E. Walpole,
Raymond H. Myers, Sharon L. Myers and Keying E. Ye, Pearson; 9th Edition
(January 6, 2011). ISBN-10: 0321629116 2
Walpole, P.E., Myers R.H., Myers S.L. (1998), “Probability and Statistics for
Engineers and Scientists”, 7th Ed. Prentice Hall.
https://owlcation.com/stem/Solving-Word-Problems-Involving-Chebyshevs-Theorem
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