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10 Female Sex Hormones

This document summarizes female gonadal hormones and their roles. It discusses that ovaries release estrogens like estradiol while testes release more androgens like testosterone. It also describes the female reproductive tract, noting that the ovarian follicle contains an oocyte, granulosa, and theca cells, and ruptures to form the corpus luteum. Finally, it provides details on female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, how they are regulated and transported, their actions, and degradation pathways.

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Rana Abdullah
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23 views14 pages

10 Female Sex Hormones

This document summarizes female gonadal hormones and their roles. It discusses that ovaries release estrogens like estradiol while testes release more androgens like testosterone. It also describes the female reproductive tract, noting that the ovarian follicle contains an oocyte, granulosa, and theca cells, and ruptures to form the corpus luteum. Finally, it provides details on female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, how they are regulated and transported, their actions, and degradation pathways.

Uploaded by

Rana Abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOC 313

Chapter 10

Female Gonadal Hormones


• Androgens - e.g., testosterone
• Estrogens - e.g., estradiol
Sex • Adult testis release more
androgens and ovaries more
Steroids estrogens
(Released • Progestins – also present in
by both sexes
• Progesterone prepares uterus
Gonads) and breasts for pregnancy
• Adrenal cortex – also releases
sex steroids
Female reproductive tract
Ovarian
Follicle
• The follicle is the basic
functional unit of the
ovary.
• It is composed of an
oocyte, granulosa cells,
and theca cells.
• When the follicle
ruptures, it becomes a
corpus luteum.
• https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=1cskfSs7mA
s
• Fertility achieved, secondary sex
characteristics develop
– Features that distinguish
sexually mature men and women
• Increase in release of anterior
Pubert pituitary hormones
– Growth hormone – acts on bone
y and muscle
– Gonadoptrophic hormone (LH,
FSH)
– Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
(ACTH)
• Relative levels of androgens and
estrogens determine whether
Pubert male or female features develop
• Androstenedione – androgen
y necessary for the growth of
axillary and pubic hair in both
sexes
Control:
Female Sex Follicle–Stimulating
Hormone (FSH) stimulate
Hormones the production of
(Estrogens Estrogens.
and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Progestins) stimulate the production
of Progestins.
• 17 β-estradiol (E2): is the primary
estrogen of ovarian origin.
• Esterone (E1): is the major source
of estrogen in postmenopausal
Estrogen females results from conversion of
androstendione to esterone.
s • Estriol: is produced during
pregnancy from placenta.
• After ovulation, the corpus
luteum produces
progesterone and estradiol,
to support the uterine
Other endometrium during
pregnancy.
Steroid
Production in • Progesterone is also produced
from theca cells and granulosa
the Ovary cells.
Transport of Plasma transport proteins:
Estrogen and
progesterone in
1. Estrogen binds to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
Blood 2. Progesterone binds to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)
Regulation of The rate of estradiol production from follicles varies greatly during the
Ovarian
Steroidogenesis
menstrual cycle.
Estradiol production is regulated by the effects of FSH on P450
aromatase.
LH influence the expression of P450scc in theca cells.
Actions of estrogens Development and maintenance of internal (fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina), and external genitalia
Skin: increase in vascularization, development of soft, textured and •
smooth skin
Bone: increase osteoblastic activity •
Electrolytes: retention of Na+, Cl- and water by the kidney •
Cholesterol: hypocholesterolemic effect •
Degradation of The steroid nucleus, Sterane (saturated polycyclic hydrocarbons) skeleton
steroid hormones
is very stable, and it is unable to destroy it.
• Reduction is included in inactivation of steroids (hydrogenation of
double bond) in ring A
• Inactivation reactions occur in liver
• Conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulphuric acid which are excreted
with urine
Illustration of normal oocyte growth and
folliculogenesis. The preantral phase
shows the formation of the primordial
follicles with a single layer of granulosa
cells and then it grows into primary and
secondary follicles with increasing layers
of granulosa cells and a small number of
theca cells. The antral phase shows the
formation of a tertiary follicle with an
antral-filled follicular cavity, several
granulosa cell layers, and theca cells.
Preovulatory (Graafian) follicle is the last
stage of follicle development; these
follicles are larger and have more antral
fluid. This figure also includes an
illustration of a normal theca cell and
granulosa cell showing the molecular
mechanisms involved in the normal
physiologic response to FSH and LH. Solid
black arrows indicate stimulating signal
and dashed black arrows indicate
inhibiting signal. 17HSD 1 Type 1 17β-
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17HSD
2 Type 2 17β-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase, AMH anti-Müllerian
hormone, cAMP cyclic adenosine
monophosphate, FSH follicle-stimulating
hormone, FSHR follicle-stimulating
hormone receptor, LH luteinizing
hormone, LHR luteinizing hormone
receptor, PKA protein kinase A
Progesterone is the major natural
progestin.

• Secretion: By the ovary mainly the


corpus luteum during the second half of
the menstrual cycle.
Progestin
s • Physiological Effects:
– Development of the endometrium.
– Development of the mammary gland
during pregnancy.
– Milk secretion starts when its level
decrease with birth.
– Thermogenic action.
1-Human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG): early diagnosis of pregnancy,
Placental peak at around 8 weeks and decline at
hormones 16 week.
2- Progestins.

3- Estrogens; estriol produced in largest


amount

Bioc 313

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