Department of Mechanical Engineering

( Design Engineering)
21MET807

Cepstrum Analysis
Introduction
► The concept of the cepstrum was introduced in 1963 by B. P. Bogert, M. J. Healy, and J.
W. Tukey. It serves as a tool to investigate periodic structures in frequency spectra.

► Such effects are related to noticeable echos or reflections in the signal, or to the
occurrence of harmonic frequencies (partials, overtones). Mathematically it deals with the
problem of deconvolution of signals in the frequency space.

► The term "cepstrum" is derived from "spectrum" , highlighting the transformation of

spectral information.

► The terms “quefrency”, “cepstrum”, “saphe”, “gamnitude” were defined by the authors
by rearranging the words frequency, spectrum, phase, magnitude respectively.
What is Ceptrum Analysis ?
► Cepstrum analysis is a powerful signal processing technique that aids in extracting
and understanding significant features within a signal by transforming information
from the frequency domain to the quefrency domain.

► Spectral analysis generates the vibration signature of the machines as well. When we
put the raw signal into the Fourier Transform, we get the “Spectrum”. The spectrum
provides information about the periodic behavior in the raw signal.

► Cepstrum analysis bridges the gap between the frequency and time domains, making
it a valuable tool for extracting critical information from signals in various fields of
engineering, science, medicine, and industry.

► The Cepstral Analysis is a tool for detecting periodicity in the frequency spectrum.
Types of Cepstrum
The cepstrum can be obtained in two ways:

1. Complex Cepstrum
2. Power Cepstrum

COMPLEX CEPSTRUM
Complex cepstrum analysis is a signal processing technique that involves taking the Fourier
transform of the logarithm of the magnitude of the Fourier transform of a signal. The complex
cepstrum provides information about both the magnitude and phase of a signal and is particularly
useful in cases where both aspects are important for analysis.

Step-by-step explanation

► 1. Fourier Transform: The first step is to take the Fourier transform of the signal of interest.
This gives information about the frequency content of the signal, including both magnitude
and phase.
► 2.Magnitude Calculation: The magnitude of the Fourier transform is calculated by taking the
absolute value of the complex numbers obtained in the Fourier domain.
► 3. Logarithm Operation: The next step involves taking the natural logarithm of the
magnitude spectrum. This operation compresses the dynamic range and allows for a clearer
analysis of the signal.
► 4. Inverse Fourier Transform: The inverse Fourier transform is then applied to the result of
the logarithm of the magnitude spectrum, resulting in the complex cepstrum.

POWER CEPSTRUM

It is derived from the power spectrum of a signal. The power cepstrum is obtained by taking
the logarithm of the power spectrum of a signal and then performing the inverse Fourier
transform on this logarithm.
Step-by-step explanation

1. Power Spectrum: The power spectrum of a signal represents the distribution of power or
energy across different frequencies in the signal. It's obtained by taking the magnitude squared
of the Fourier transform of the signal.
► 2. Logarithm: The next step involves taking the logarithm of the power spectrum. This step
helps to compress the dynamic range and emphasize the lower energy components present in the
signal.
► 3. Inverse Fourier Transform: Finally, the inverse Fourier transform is applied to the logarithm
of the power spectrum, resulting in the power cepstrum.
Applications
► Cepstrum analysis has diverse applications across various fields due to its ability to extract
and analyze features within signals by converting information from the frequency domain
to the quefrency (or time) domain

1. Speech Processing:

► Speech Recognition: It is widely used in automatic speech recognition systems. It helps in

extracting features from speech signals to identify and classify spoken words or phrases
► Speaker Identification: Cepstrum analysis aids in distinguishing different speakers by
capturing unique characteristics in their speech signals.

2. Audio Signal Processing:

► Music Information Retrieval: Cepstral techniques are used to analyze and classify music
by extracting features like timbre, rhythm, and tonal characteristics.
► Audio Compression: Cepstrum analysis is utilized in audio compression algorithms to
reduce the size of audio files while retaining essential information.
► 3. Medical Signal Processing

► Electrocardiogram (ECG) Analysis: Cepstrum analysis can be applied to ECG signals

for features extraction and arrhythmia detection.
► Voice Pathology Detection: In medicine, cepstral analysis aids in diagnosing voice
disorders by examining vocal features.

► 4. Sonar and Radar Signal Processing

► Target Identification: Cepstrum analysis helps in distinguishing different objects or

targets by processing radar or sonar signals, especially in military and navigation
applications.

► 5.Seismic Signal Analysis

► Earthquake Detection: Cepstrum analysis can be used to process seismic signals for
earthquake detection and localization.
Use of Cepstrum Analysis in
Fault Diagnosis
► Cepstrum analysis is particularly effective in fault diagnosis because it can capture hidden
patterns and features within the vibration signals that are not immediately evident in the
frequency domain.

► By converting the signal into the quefrency domain, cepstrum analysis provides a clearer
representation of temporal characteristics, enabling more accurate fault diagnosis and
predictive maintenance strategies in various industrial and mechanical systems.

► 1. Machinery Condition Monitoring- Vibration Analysis: Machinery often generates

vibrations that carry information about their condition. Cepstrum analysis is used to
analyze these vibration signals.

► 2. Fault Identification - Harmonic Analysis: Faults in machinery can produce harmonic

components in vibration signals. Cepstrum analysis aids in identifying and characterizing
these harmonic frequencies, which can indicate specific types of faults.
► 3. Pattern Recognition- Cepstral Peaks: Specific features or peaks in the cepstrum can
indicate particular patterns related to faults. By analyzing these peaks, experts can infer the
nature and type of faults present in the machinery.

► 4. Diagnostic Tools- Signal Processing Algorithms: Various signal processing techniques

within cepstrum analysis, such as enveloping or spectral analysis, can assist in fault diagnosis
by highlighting specific fault-related signatures in vibration signals.

► 5. Prediction and Preventive Maintenance- Early Fault Detection: By analyzing historical

vibration data using cepstrum analysis, it's possible to detect early signs of potential faults.
This allows for predictive maintenance strategies, preventing catastrophic failures.
Matlab code
Figures
 Conclusion
► The cepstrum is a useful tool because changes in the spectrum are not immediately visible. It
also provides a nice trend graph and alarm telemetry in condition monitoring systems.

► Therefore, the cepstrum warns of upcoming malfunctions in advance and thus creates more
time for planning maintenance outages.

► On the other hand, it constitutes a valuable diagnostic technique for detecting and improving
modulation resources during the machine development phase.

► It can capture hidden patterns and features within the vibration signals that are not
immediately evident in the frequency domain.