A GREAT DAY

GRADE 11!
Who
Said
That?
 “I build neat stuff, got a
great girl, occasionally
save the world. So why
can't I sleep?”

-Tony Stark
Black,S (Director).(2013) Iron Man 3
(Film).Marvel Studios
 “I want to see the floating
lights!”

-Rapunzel
Greno & Howard (Directors).(2010)
Tangled (Film) Walt Disney Pictures
 “I can help you cross the
street… I can help you
cross your porch?”

-Russel
Docter,P.(Director)(2009) Up (Film).Walt
Disney Pictures & Pixar Animation
Studios
 “Authority should derive
from the consent of the
governed, not from threat of
force!”

-Barbie
Unkrich,L (Director) (2010) Toy Story
(Film) Walt Disney Pictures & Pixar
Animation Studios
 “Oh, perfect! Go for it! Save
the day, whoopee!”

-Sharpay Evans
Ortega,K (Director) (2008) High School
Musical 3: Senior Year (Film) Walt
Disney Pictures & Borden & Rosenbush
Entertainment
 “I have a dimple on this side,
but not on this side. Dimple.
No dimple. Dimple. No
dimple.”

-Miguel
Unkrich,L (Director) (2017) Coco (Film)
Walt Disney Pictures & Pixar Animation
Studios
 "No Matter How The Wind
Howls, The Mountain Cannot
Bow To It.“

-Emperor of China
Cook & Bancroft(Directors) (1998) Mulan
(Film) Walt Disney Pictures & Walt
Disney Animation Pictures
 CITING
SOURCES
WHAT IS CITATION?

o It is a specific source used in your text. It is also called in-text

citation, as it occurs in the main body of the text.
o It can be considered to be short-hand format, as it does not
contain full text (or 'biographical') information.
o It identifies for the reader the original source for an idea,
information, or image that is referred to in a work.
 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE
OF CITATION?
o Helps Academic Writers Negate Plagiarism
Citations help eliminate all instances of plagiarism from an academic text by rightfully attributing the original
works from which the author derived their ideas. Plagiarism manifests when an author
intentionally/unintentionally claims the academic contributions of others as their own.

o Enables Readers to Validate a text

The purpose of a citation is to assist readers in meticulously assessing the credibility of a text. Accurate citations
allow readers to juxtapose the contents of the cited works against those of the text at hand. By doing so, readers
can then judge the validity of the arguments and claims made by the author.

o Showcases One’s Research Prowess

High-quality references are a prerequisite for any well-written academic document. When authors cite such
quality references in their texts, it relays the fact that they are well-read and have a knack for recognizing quality
research literature.
 When and what to cite
o Within & at the end of the text when you use ideas from, or
refer to, another person’s work.

o Applies to: facts, figures, ideas & theories

o From: books, journals, internet, videos, lecture notes etc.

 FORMS OF CITATIONS
o In-Text Citations
Requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a
certain part of his/her essay.

o Referencing Citations
Refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all references used by
the writer. This appears in the reference list at the last part of the
paper.
 IN – TEXT AND REFERENCE CITATION
STYLES

o APA (American Psychology Association)

APA is the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological
Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social
sciences, like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other
fields.in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of
publication. For direct quotations, include the page number as well. For sources
such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph
number.

o MLA (Modern Language Association)

MLA widely used in the humanities, especially in writing on language and
literature. This style follow the general format of author's last name followed by a
page number enclosed in parentheses. If the author's name is not given, use the
first word (or words) of the title.
 APA CITATION STYLES
Books Magazine

Website Journal
 APA: BOOK CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 1 AUTHOR:
Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name, Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name (Year of publication)

EXAMPLE:
Reference entry
Smith, T. (2020). The citation manual for students: A quick guide. Wiley.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Smith, 2020)
Narrative: Smith (2020)
 APA: BOOK CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 2 AUTHORS:
Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of
book. Publisher.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name & Author’s Last Name, Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and Author’s Last Name (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Smith, T., & Williams, B. M. (2020). The citation manual for students: A quick guide. Wiley.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Smith & Williams, 2020)
Narrative: Smith and Williams (2020)
 APA: BOOK CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT 3 OR MORE AUTHORS:

Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of
publication). Title of book. Publisher.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name et al., Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name et al. (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Smith, T., Williams, B. M., & Streefkerk, R. (2020). The citation manual for students: A quick guide. Wiley.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Smith et al., 2020)
Narrative: Smith et al. (2020)
 APA: BOOK CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT ORGANIZATION:
Reference entry
Organization. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Organization, Year of publication)
Narrative: Organization (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Academic Writing Association. (2020). The citation manual for students: A quick guide. Wiley.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Academic Writing Association, 2020)
Narrative: Academic Writing Association (2020)
 APA: JOURNAL CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 1 AUTHOR:
Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal, Volume(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/DOI
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name, Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Andreff, W. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports finance. Journal of Sports
Economics, 1 (3), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Andreff, 2000)
Narrative: Andreff (2000)
 APA: JOURNAL CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 2 AUTHORS:
Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of
article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/DOI
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name & Author’s Last Name, Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and Author’s Last Name (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Andreff, W., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports
finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Andreff & Staudohar, 2000)
Narrative: Andreff and Staudohar (2000)
 APA: JOURNAL CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 3 OR MORE AUTHORS:
Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of
publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/DOI
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name et al., Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name et al. (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Andreff, W., Staudohar, P. D., & Streefkerk, R. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports
finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Andreff et al., 2000)
Narrative: Andreff et al. (2000)
 APA: JOURNAL CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT ORGANIZATION:
Reference entry
Organization. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal, Volume(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/DOI
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Organization, Year of publication)
Narrative: Organization (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Deloitte. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports finance. Journal of Sports
Economics, 1(3), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Deloitte, 2000)
Narrative: Deloitte (2000)
 APA: WEBPAGE/WEBSITE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT 1 AUTHOR:
Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of work. Website. https://URL
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name, Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Slat, B. (2019, April 10). Whales likely impacted by Great Pacific garbage patch. The Ocean
Cleanup. https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-impacted-by-great-pacific-
garbage-patch/
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Slat, 2019)
Narrative: Slat (2019)
 APA: WEBPAGE/WEBSITE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT 2 AUTHORS:
Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day of
publication). Title of work. Website. https://URL
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name & Author’s Last Name, Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and Author’s Last Name (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Slat, B., & Worp, C. (2019, April 10). Whales likely impacted by Great Pacific garbage patch. The
Ocean Cleanup. https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-impacted-by-great-
pacific-garbage-patch/
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Slat & Worp, 2019)
Narrative: Slat and Worp (2019)
 APA: WEBPAGE/WEBSITE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT 3 OR MORE AUTHORS:

Reference entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Author’s Last
Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of work. Website. https://URL
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name et al., Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name et al. (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Slat, B., Worp, C., & Holierhoek, L. (2019, April 10). Whales likely impacted by Great Pacific
garbage patch. The Ocean Cleanup. https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-
impacted-by-great-pacific-garbage-patch/
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Slat et al., 2019)
Narrative: Slat et al. (2019)
 APA: WEBPAGE/WEBSITE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT ORGANIZATION:
Reference entry
Organization. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of work. Website. https://URL
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Organization, Year of publication)
Narrative: Organization (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
The Ocean Cleanup. (2019, April 10). Whales likely impacted by Great Pacific garbage
patch. https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-impacted-by-great-pacific-
garbage-patch/
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (The Ocean Cleanup, 2019)
Narrative: The Ocean Cleanup (2019)
 APA: IN PRINT MAGAZINE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT :
Reference entry
Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Name, Volume(Issue), page range.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name , Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name, (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Mogelson, L. (2021, January 25). The storm. The New Yorker, 5–12.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Mogelson, 2021)
Narrative: Mogelson (2021)
 APA: ONLINE MAGAZINE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT :
Reference entry
Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Name, Volume(Issue), page range. URL
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name , Year of publication)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name, (Year of publication)

EXAMPLES:
Reference entry
Tokarczuk, O. (2021, January 25). Eccentricity as feminism. The Paris Review.
https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2021/01/25/eccentricity-as-feminism
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Tokarczuk, 2021)
Narrative: Tokarczuk, (2021)
 MLA CITATION STYLES
Books Magazine

Website Journal
 MLA: BOOK CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 1 AUTHOR:
Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name Page)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name (Page)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Smith, Thomas. The Citation Manual for Students: A Quick Guide. Wiley, 2020.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Smith 13)
Narrative: Smith (13
 MLA: BOOK CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 2 AUTHORS:
Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name, and Author’s First Name, Last Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year
of publication.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name and Last Name Page)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and Last Name (Page)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Smith, Thomas, and Barbara Michelle Williams. The Citation Manual for Students: A Quick
Guide. Wiley, 2020.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Smith and Williams 13)
Narrative: Smith and Williams (13)
 MLA: BOOK CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 3 OR MORE AUTHORS:
Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name, et al. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name et al. Page)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and others (Page)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Smith, Thomas, et al. The Citation Manual for Students: A Quick Guide. Wiley, 2020.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Smith et al. 13)
Narrative: Smith and others (13)
 MLA: BOOK CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT ORGANIZATION:
Works Cited entry
Organization. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Organization Page)
Narrative: Organization (Page)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Academic Writing Association. The Citation Manual for Students: A Quick Guide. Wiley, 2020.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Academic Writing Association 13)
Narrative: Academic Writing Association (13)
 MLA: JOURNAL CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 1 AUTHOR:
Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of
Journal, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year of publication, pp. Pages, URL.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name Page)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name (Page)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Andreff, Wladimir. “The Evolving European Model of Professional Sports Finance.” Journal of
Sports Economics, vol. 1, no. 3, Sept. 2000, pp. 257–276, www.journal-of-sports-
economics.com/european-model-finance.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Andreff 257)
Narrative: Andreff (257)
 MLA: JOURNAL CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 2 AUTHORS:
Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name, and Author’s First Name, Last Name. “Title of Article.” Title of
Journal, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year of publication, pp. Pages, URL.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name and Last Name Page)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and Last Name (Page)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Andreff, Wladimir, and Paul D. Staudohar. “The Evolving European Model of Professional Sports
Finance.” Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 1, no. 3, Sept. 2000, pp. 257–276, www.journal-of-
sports-economics.com/european-model-finance.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Andreff and Staudohar 257)
Narrative: Andreff and Staudohar (257)
 MLA: JOURNAL CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 3 OR MORE AUTHORS:
Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name, et al. “Title of Article.” Title of
Journal, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year of publication, pp. Pages, URL.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name et al. Page)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and others (Page)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Andreff, Wladimir, et al. “The Evolving European Model of Professional Sports Finance.” Journal of
Sports Economics, vol. 1, no. 3, Sept. 2000, pp. 257–276, www.journal-of-sports-
economics.com/european-model-finance.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Andreff et al. 257)
Narrative: Andreff and others (257)
 MLA: JOURNAL CITATION
STYLE
FORMAT 3 OR MORE AUTHORS:
Works Cited entry
Organization. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year of
publication, pp. Pages, URL.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Organization Page)
Narrative: Organization (Page)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Deloitte. “The Evolving European Model of Professional Sports Finance.” Journal of Sports
Economics, vol. 1, no. 3, Sept. 2000, pp. 257–276, www.journal-of-sports-economics.com/
european-model-finance.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Deloitte 257)
Narrative: Deloitte (257)
 MLA: WEBPAGE/WEBSITE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT 1 AUTHOR:
Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Website, Day Month Year of publication, URL.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Slat, Boyan. “Whales Likely Impacted by Great Pacific Garbage Patch.” The Ocean
Cleanup, 10 Apr. 2019, www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-impacted-by-great-
pacific-garbage-patch.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Slat)
Narrative: Slat
 MLA: WEBPAGE/WEBSITE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT 2 AUTHORS:
Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name, and Author’s First Name, Last Name. “Title of
Work.” Website, Day Month Year of publication, URL.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name and Last Name)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and Last Name

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Slat, Boyan, and Chris Worp. “Whales Likely Impacted by Great Pacific Garbage Patch.” The Ocean
Cleanup, 10 Apr. 2019, www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-impacted-by-great-
pacific-garbage-patch.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Slat and Worp)
Narrative: Slat and Worp
 MLA: WEBPAGE/WEBSITE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT 3 OR MORE AUTHORS:

Works Cited entry
Author’s Last Name, First Name, et al. “Title of Work.” Website, Day Month Year of
publication, URL.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name et al.)
Narrative: Author’s Last Name and others

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Slat, Boyan, et al. “Whales Likely Impacted by Great Pacific Garbage Patch.” The Ocean
Cleanup, 10 Apr. 2019, www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-impacted-by-great-
pacific-garbage-patch.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (Slat et al.)
Narrative: Slat and others
 MLA: WEBPAGE/WEBSITE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT UNKNOWN AUTHOR:

Works Cited entry
“Title of Work.” Website, Day Month Year of publication, URL.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (“Short Title of Work”)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
“Whales Likely Impacted by Great Pacific Garbage Patch.” The Ocean
Cleanup, 10 Apr. 2019, www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-impacted-by-great-
pacific-garbage-patch.
In-text citation
Parenthetical: (“Whales”)
 MLA: IN PRINT MAGAZINE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT :
Works Cited entry
Last, First M. “Article Title.” Magazine Title, vol. volume number, no. issue number, date published,
page number(s).
In-text citation
(Last Name page numbers)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Rothbart, Davy. “How I Caught Up with Dad.” Men’s Health, Oct. 2008, pp. 108-13.
In-text citation
(Rothbart 108)
 MLA: ONLINEMAGAZINE CITATION
STYLE

FORMAT :
Last, First M. “Article Title.” Magazine Title, date month year published, URL.
In-text citations
(Last Name)

EXAMPLES:
Works Cited entry
Rothbart, Davy. “How I Caught up with Dad.” Men’s Health, 18 Sept. 2008,
www.menshealth.com/trending-news/a19534762/rekindling-a-father-son-relationship.
In-text citation
(Rothbart)
 REVIEW
AND RECALL!
o WHAT IS CITATION?

o WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF CITATION?

o WHAT ARE THE FORMS OF CITATION?

o WHAT ARE THE TWO MOST COMMON IN – TEXT AND REFERENCE

CITATION STYLES ?
o WHAT DOES APA STANDS FOR? WHERE DO WE USE THIS FORMAT?

o WHAT DOES MLA STANDS FOR? WHERE DO WE USE THIS

FORMAT?