Chapter 4 & 5.

SECONDARY/BIOLOGICAL
AND TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1- INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1.1 General about Wastewater Treatment
1.2 Objectives of Wastewater Treatment
2- CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
2.1 Waste water sources and quantity
2.2. Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristic of Wastewater
2.3 Measurement of Concentration of Contaminants in Wastewater
2.4 Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve
2.5 Wastewater Treatment Standards
2.6 Flow Sheets for Wastewater Treatment Systems
3- PRELIMINARY AND PRIMARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
3.1 Preliminary Treatment
3.1.1 Screening
3.1.2. Comminutor /shredder
3.1.3 Grit Removal Basins
3.2 Primary Wastewater Treatment
3.2.1 Sedimentation - Theory
3.2.2 Sedimentation Aided with Coagulation (Type II- flocculent Settling) - Practice
4- SECONDARY/BIOLOGICAL AND TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
4.1. Principles of Biological Treatment/WW Microbiology
4.1.1. General
4.1.2. Characteristics of Microorganisms
4.2. Biological Wastewater Treatment
4.3 Types of Biological Process for Wastewater Treatment
4.3.1 Activated Sludge Process
4.3.2 Trickling Filters
4.3.3 Rotating Biological Contactors
4.3.4 Waste Stabilization Pond
4.3.5 Constructed Wetlands
5- EFFLUENT DISPOSAL & NATURAL PURIFICATION
5.1. Dilution in Rivers and Oxygen Sag Curve
5.2. Wastewater in Sea Water
5.3 Land & subsurface Disposal
6- SLUDGE TREATMENT AND BIOSOLIDS MANAGEMENT
6.1 Sludge and Its Moisture Content
6.2 Sludge Processing and Disposal Methods
6.3 Dewatering Digested Sludge
1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 WASTEWATER

 It is any water that has been used and discarded.

 Substances are added to it as it is used. Nature and type of substance depends

on the usage
1. Municipal Wastewater
1. Domestic Wastewater
2. Commercial Wastewater
3. Institutional Wastewater
2. Industrial Wastewater

 The addition of these substances alter the nature (physical and chemical
characteristics) of the water in such a manner that it negatively affects its
continuous legitimate use.
.2 WHY TREAT WASTEWATER
The substances in wastewater have harmful effects on the environment and human health. The
major constituents of wastewater include
A. PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS

1. Bacteria 2. Virus 3. Helminth 4. Protozoa

Are one of the most common Tiny infectious agents that can  Are parasitic worms that Single-celled organisms that
types of pathogenic organisms survive and spread in can be found in wastewater. can be present in wastewater.
present in wastewater. wastewater. Common Common helminths include Examples include Giardia
Examples include Escherichia examples found in wastewater roundworms, hookworms lamblia, Cryptosporidium
coli (E. coli), Salmonella spp., include norovirus, rotavirus, and whipworms. These parvum, and Entamoeba
Shigella spp., Vibrio cholera, adenovirus, and hepatitis A worms can cause diseases histolytica. These parasites can
etc. These bacteria can cause virus. These viruses can such as Intestinal cause diseases such as
gastrointestinal illnesses, cause diseases such as infections, Giardiasis,
including  Gastroenteritis,  Anemia, and Amoebiasis, leading to
 Cholera,  Hepatitis, and  Malnutrition gastrointestinal symptoms and
 Diarrhea,  Respiratory infections. other health issues.
 Vomiting, and
 Abdominal pain.
WATER QUALITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 10% of the global
disease burden could be prevented by:

• increasing access to safe drinking water;

• improving sanitation and hygiene; and
• improving water management to reduce risks of water-borne infectious
diseases, and accidental drowning during recreation.

Annually, safer water could prevent:

• 1.4 million child deaths from diarrhoea;

• 500,000 deaths from malaria;
• 860,000 child deaths from malnutrition; and
• 280,000 deaths from drowning.

In addition, 5 million people can be protected from being seriously

incapacitated from lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis ) and another 5 million
from trachoma.
WATER TREATMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Water and Wastewater Engineering is a vital element to
the development potential for all modern societies.

In the last century advances and improvements in water

supply and sanitation can be directly linked to reduced
death rates.

Access to clean water is fundamental for sustaining

healthy populations and minimising the spread of
deadly water borne disease.

Provision of appropriate treatment of wastewater

discharges is critical to ensure protection of water
supplies and safeguard the environment.

Death per 100,000 Population per Year in USA

Source: Centres for Disease Control & Prevention -
US
BIODEGREDABLE ORGANIC MATTERS

 Freshwater is an extremely important ecosystem. It provide essential services

and support a wide range of organisms, including a range of aquatic plants,
insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. It is also a very important
source of water supply.
 Dissolved oxygen content in freshwater is typically 4-15mg/l
 When biodegradable organic matter enters freshwater ecosystems, bacteria and
other microorganisms begin to break it down through the process of
decomposition.
 This decomposition process consumes oxygen from the water, leading to a
decrease in dissolved oxygen levels.
 When the organic load is particularly high, the demand for oxygen during
decomposition can exceed the oxygen supply in the water, resulting in anoxic /
anaerobic conditions.
 These oxygen-depleted conditions can be harmful to aquatic organisms that rely
on oxygen for respiration, potentially leading to stress, suffocation, or death.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is the most commonly used test in wastewater for the assessment of the strength of
organic pollutants. It is a measure of the oxygen required by micro-organisms in order to break down organic matter.

In order for waste material to become oxidised the bacteria require a constant supply of oxygen in order to sustain aerobic
degradation.

The steps in the oxidation of organic matter include the following;

• Oxidation:
COHNS + O2 + Bacteria CO2 + H2O + energy + other end products

• Synthesis:
COHNS + O2 + bacteria + energy C5H7NO2 (New cell tissue)

• Endogenous Respiration:

C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5CO2 + NH3 + 2H2O

C. NUTRIENTS

Nitrogen

 Exists in four forms: Organic Nitrogen, ammonia (NH3-N), nitrite

(NO2-N), and nitrate (NO3-N).
Am Nitra Nitro
Org. Nitrit
moni te - gen
N e-N
a-N N Gas

 Organic Nitrogen  Ammonia …….Ammonification

 Ammonium  NitriteNitrate ……. Nitrification….
 Consume oxygen… lead to oxygen depletion in fresh water
 Nitrite is toxic… causes Blue Baby Syndrome
 Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, but
excessive levels in water bodies can lead to eutrophication,
i.e., excessive algae and plant growth. The resulting algal
blooms can deplete dissolved oxygen levels when they
decompose, leading to anoxic conditions harmful to aquatic
life.
C. NUTRIENTS

Phosphorus

Phosphorus in waters is primarily introduced through

human activity through agricultural practice, poor
sewage treatment and industrial wastes.

Phosphorus is an essential element for plant and

aquatic life, however too much can lead to nutrient
enrichment and eutrophication of water bodies.

Phosphorus in waters exists in different forms which

include orthophosphate PO43-, polyphosphate HPO42-
organic phosphate H3PO4 .

Orthophosphates are available for biological uptake

without further breakdown.
OBJECTIVES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

1. Protecting Public Health: One of the main goals of wastewater treatment is to protect
public health by removing harmful pollutants and pathogens from the wastewater. This
ensures that the treated water, when released into the environment, does not pose a risk
to human health or to the health of aquatic life.

2. Protecting the Environment: Wastewater treatment aims to minimize the impact of

discharged effluent on the environment. By removing pollutants and reducing the
levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, wastewater treatment helps
prevent water pollution and eutrophication, which can be detrimental to aquatic
ecosystems.

3. Minimizing Odor and Aesthetics: Wastewater treatment aims to minimize odors and
improve the aesthetics of the treated water and surrounding areas. This may involve
the removal of odor-causing compounds, sludge management practices, or the
implementation of landscaping and recreational facilities around treatment plants to
mitigate visual impacts.
1.4 PARADIGM SHIFT
4.1.4 PARADAIGM SHIFT- WATER RESOURCES
RECOVERY FACILITIES [WRRF]
 Traditionally wastewater is viewed as a waste to be disposed of.
 However, there is a recognition that wastewater is a valuable
resource that can be recovered and reused. Here are some key
aspects of this paradigm shift:
1. Water Reuse: A WRRF emphasizes the treatment of wastewater
to a high standard suitable for reuse. This shift moves away from
the conventional view of wastewater as a pollutant to be
discharged and instead recognizes its potential as a reliable water
source for various non-potable applications, such as irrigation,
industrial processes, and groundwater recharge. This
approach reduces the strain on freshwater resources and
enhances overall water sustainability.
2. Resource Recovery: A WRRF aims to recover valuable resources
from wastewater. This includes not only traditional aspects like
energy recovery through anaerobic digestion and biogas
Water Scarce: < 500 m3/c/yr
generation but also the recovery of nutrients such as nitrogen Water Stressed: 500 m3/c/yr to 1000 m3/c/yr
and phosphorus. These nutrients can be transformed into usable
products like fertilizers, reducing the reliance on chemical
fertilizers derived from non-renewable sources.
PARADAIGM SHIFT
3. Integrated Water Management: A WRRF takes into account
the entire water cycle and promotes integrated water
management. This includes considering not just wastewater
treatment but also stormwater management, water supply, and
conservation. By adopting a holistic approach, WRRFs can
optimize the use of available water resources and achieve
greater overall water efficiency.

4. Sustainability and Circular Economy: The shift to a WRRF

aligns with the principles of sustainability and the circular
economy. By recovering resources and reusing water, the
facility reduces waste, minimizes environmental impacts, and
maximizes the utility of materials and energy. This shift
contributes to a more sustainable and resilient water
management system.
4.1.5 TYPICAL DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
COMPOSITION

Domestic wastewater is mainly generated from toilets, Typical wastewater loading per person and domestic
wastewater concentrations.
bathing, washing and cooking. The strength of the
wastewater will depend on the activities and water usage in
Parameter Value (g/person/day)
the house.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 45
Chemical Oxygen Demand 100
 Houses also generate rainwater runoff from roofs and paved Suspended Solids 60
areas. Where possible this should not be mixed with Total Nitrogen 10
wastewater and is not included in the concentrations shown.
Total Phosphorus 2

 In wastewater treatment we try to reduce the various

Parameter Average Concentration (mg/l)
concentrations to acceptable limits for discharge to receiving
waters. The acceptable limits will depend on the receiving Biochemical Oxygen Demand 100 - 350

water body and the discharge limits applied in each country. Chemical Oxygen Demand 250 - 750
Suspended Solids 100 – 350
Total Nitrogen 20 - 85
Total Phosphate 6 - 20
WASTEWATER COMPOSITION
 Sample wastewater influent to Kotebe Ponds and Kaliti WwTP has
demonstrated that the composition of wastewater arriving at both plants is
outside the bounds of normal domestic wastewater.

 The higher BOD, COD, solids and nutrient loads are due to the connection of
non-domestic customers to the network. There are also some illegal discharges
to industrial effluent to the networks, which increases the wastewater load
significantly.

Parameter Average Domestic Kotebe Ponds Average Kaliti WwTP

Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater
Concentration (mg/l) Concentration (mg/l) Concentration (mg/l)
Biochemical Oxygen 100 - 350 280 – 1,200 550
Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand 250 - 450 640 – 2,500 910
Suspended Solids 100 – 350 270 – 1,420 370
Total Nitrogen 20 - 85 70 – 165
Total Phosphorus 6 - 20 12 - 43 8
4.1.6 REGULATION OF DISCHARGE LIMITS /
EFFLUENT LIMIT
 The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Constituent Group or Parameter Emission Limit Value (mg/l)
of Ethiopia set the discharge limits for Basic Parameters
wastewater discharges to water bodies. pH 6 – 9 pH units
Temperature 40°C
 Table 3.8 of the EPA Document “Values Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 80
acceptable at national and international 20°C
emission standards” sets out the National Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 250
Guideline Standards For Effluent Discharges To Suspended Solids (SS) 100
Inland Water. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) 80
Total Ammonia (as N) (NH + ) )30
 These standards include emission limit values 4

for basic parameters, metals, inorganic Ammonia (as free ammonia NH )

3
5
chemicals, organic chemicals, microbiological Nitrate (as N) 20
and radioactive substances. Dissolved Phosphorus (as P) 5
Total Phosphate (as P) 10
Fats, Oils and Grease 20
Microbiological
Total Coliforms (numbers per 100 ml) 400
REGULATION OF DISCHARGE LIMITS
Recent modern WwTPs in Addis Ababa Bole FAO
Eastern EPA FAO
have been designed to treat wastewater to a Kaliti Bole Lemi Arabsa Guidelines
Parameter Unit Catchment Inland Guidelines
higher standard than that is required by the WwTP WwTP New
WwTPs Waters
(raw
(cereals#)
WwTP crops*)
EPA Inland Water Standards.
BOD5 mg/L 35 25 45 25 80
COD mg/L 100 100 125 125 250
This is due to the requirement to design the
TSS mg/L 35 35 45 35 100
wastewater treatment process to allow for
Total N mg/L 15 10
future reuse of treated effluent for irrigation.
TKN – N mg/L 80
Nitrate – N mg/L 20
This irrigation water can be utilised for
Total P mg/L 2 10 10
agriculture or for urban greening projects.
E. Coli no./L 105
Faecal coliforms no./ <1,000 < 100 <1,000 <400 <1,000 No standard
100mL
Intestinal no./L <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
nematode egg
REGULATION OF DISCHARGE LIMITS
Now a days WwTPs are required to produce a treated effluent which
FAO Guidelines FAO Guidelines
is suitable for unrestricted irrigation. Parameter
(raw crops*) (cereals#)
For the effluent to be suitable for irrigation, microbial standards Faecal coliforms <1,000 No standard
must be achieved. The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation has 2 (numbers per 100
guideline standards for effluent which is to be used for irrigation of ml)
raw crops and cereals. The standard for raw crops is more stringent
Intestinal nematode <1 <1
than for cereals, as these fruits and vegetables will be directly
consumed by humans. egg (numbers per 1
l)
The EPA also has a microbial standard for total coliforms. Coliforms
Parameter EPA Standards
are bacteria that are always present in the digestive tracts of animals
(including humans) and are found in their wastes. Total coliforms (numbers per 100 ml) <400

Tertiary treatment of wastewater (e.g. UV or chlorine disinfection) is

required to meet the pathogenic effluent standards and to provide the
level of treatment required for the treated effluent to be used for
unrestricted irrigation in line with the EPA and FAO guidelines.
4.1.7 WASTEWATER CONSTITUENTS
Constituent Description
1. Debris, Rags Larger particles such as leaves, plastics, papers, and other solid materials.
2. Grit & FOG Grit consists of heavy inorganic particles like sand, gravel, or other similar materials.
FOG-Fat Oil Grease (FOG)
3. BOD/COD
3.1 BOD a. Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) a. Soluble BOD (sBOD)
b. Nitrogenous BDD (NBOD) b. Particulate BOD (pBOD)
c. Refractory BOD (RBOD BOD)
3.2 COD a. Readily Biodegradable COD (RBCOD) a. Soluble COD (sCOD)
b. Slowly Biodegradable COD (SBCOD) b. Particulate COD (pCOD)
c. Non-Biodegradable COD (NBCOD)
4. TSS a. Volatile Suspended Solids [VSS] a. Settelable solids [10-100 μm]
b. Inorganic Suspended Solids [iSS] b. Suspended solids [< 10μm]
c. Colloidal / Particulate solids [<<< 10um]
d. Dissolved Solids
4. Nitrogen Total Nitrogen, Organic Nitrogen, Ammonium Nitrogen, Nitrite Nitrogen, Nitrate Nitrogen
5. Phosphorous Organic Phosphorous, orthophosphate, polyphosphate
4.1.8 WASTEWATER TREATMENT UNIT
OPERATIONS & PROCESSES
In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), different techniques are employed in the treatment processes.
These are grouped in to Unit operations and unit process
UNIT OPERATIONS UNIT PROCESSES

Refer to the physical or mechanical processes used to Refer to the chemical or biological transformations and
separate, remove, or transform specific components or reactions occurring in wastewater treatment. These
contaminants in wastewater. Some common unit operations processes are used to remove or degrade specific
in WWTPs include: contaminants and pollutants. Some common unit processes
 Screenings in WWTPs include
 Grit removal or degritting • Biological Treatment
 Sedimentation • Carbonaceious oxidation
 Filtration • Biological Nutrient Removal
[Ammonification, Nitrification,
Denitrification, BPR]
• Chemical Phosphorous removal
• Chemical coagulation & flocculation
• Sludge treatment [sludge digestion’

Both unit operations and unit processes in WWTPs work together to achieve effective removal of pollutants
and ensure the safe discharge or reuse of treated wastewater.
4.1.9 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

1. Preliminary Treatment – Screening,

Grit and Grease.

2. Primary Treatment – Sludge

Settlement

3. Secondary Treatment – Biological

treatment and secondary settlement

4. Tertiary Treatment – Filtration,

Disinfection

5. Sludge Treatment – Thickening,

digestion, dewatering, drying and
disposal
WASTEWATER TREATMENT UNIT PROCESS
OPERATIONS

1. Preliminary Treatment – Screening,

Grit and Grease.

2. Primary Treatment – Sludge

Settlement

3. Secondary Treatment – Biological

treatment and secondary settlement

4. Tertiary Treatment – Filtration,

Disinfection

5. Sludge Treatment – Thickening,

digestion, dewatering, drying and
disposal
KALITY WWTP, 100,000 m /d
3
Preliminary Treatment
• Inlet chamber
• Coarse Screen
• Fine Screen
• Aerated Grit Chamber
Primary Treatment
• UASB reactors
Secondary Treatment
• Trickling Filter
• Secondary Clarifier
Tertiary Treatment
• Chlorination
• Dechlorination
Sludge Treatment
• Sludge digestion-uasb
• Sand Drying Beds
CHEFE WWTP, 25,000 m3/d
Preliminary Treatment
• Inlet chamber
• Coarse Screen
• Horizontal Flow Grit
Chamber
• Parshal Flume
• Lifting Pump Station
(Archemedean Screw Pump)
Primary Treatment
• UASB reactors
Secondary Treatment
• Trickling Filter
• Secondary Clarifier
Tertiary Treatment
• None
Sludge Treatment
• Sludge Drying Bed
KOYE FETCHE 3 WWTP,
12,300 m /d
3
Preliminary Treatment
• Coarse Screen
• Lift Pump Station
• CPU (Compact Pretreatment unit-
Fine Screen+Aerated Grit
Chamber)
Primary Treatment
• Primary Clarifier
Secondary Treatment
• A2O Activated Sludge (Anaerobi-
Anoxic-Oxic)
• Secondary Clarifier
Tertiary
• Disinfection (Chlorination)
Sludge Treatment
• Thickeners
• Aerobic Sludge Stabilization
• Mechanical Dewatering (Belt
Press)
 4.1.10 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT – INLET
WORKS
• The most important unit operation!

• But often the most neglected.

• The impacts of a poorly performing inlet works will

include:
• Increased odour
• Grit in digesters
• Pump wear
• Ragging (especially around probes)
• Floating scum
• Foaming and bulking
 4.1.8 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT –
SCREENING
• Screening equipment offers physical barrier to trap incoming debris
from wastewater. They remove large solids, rags, Component Concentrations
(% dry weight)
• Depending on nature of the collection sewer network, & type of Paper 25-50
process and technology found downstream and the degree of Rags 15-30
protection required screens may include both coarse and fine units. Plastic 5-20
• Coarse screens have larger openings and trap debris greater
than 25mm. Rubber 0-5
• Fine screens typically screen out debris above 6mm and Vegetable matter 0-5
sometimes down to 1-3mm (e.g. for membrane bioreactors). Faecal matter 0-5

• Screens are critical to ensuring the protection of downstream

process units from ragging and blockage. Type Openings
Coarse Screen Bar racks > 25mm
• Well designed screening systems are key to effective plant
operations and performance. Bar screens 6-25 mm

Fine Screen 0.1-6mm

COARSE SCREEN - BAR RACKS

• Coarse screens are classified as either bar racks or bar screens

• Bar racks are constructed of heavy parallel rectangular or round steel
bars with wide spacing. They are provided to remove only the largest
debris.

• Bars racks are generally slopped at an angle ranging from 45 to 60

degree from horizontal.

• Bar racks may be cleaned manually or mechanically cleaned.

• Bar racks are mainly used in WRRF that see high amount of large
debris, but may also be installed in a bypass channel.
COARSE SCREEN-BAR SCREENS

• They resemble bar racks except that they have smaller

clear spacing between the bars
• Both are usually designed as stationary structures.
However, some units are designed with chains or cables
and cogwheels attached to the submerged end of the screen
and a pivot arrangement at the upper end to permit lifting
of the submerged end for easy inspection and maintenance

• They are positioned at 65 to 70 degree angle for ease of

operations of the raking mechanisms

• Types
• Reciprocating Rake
• Chain driven
• Catenary
FINE SCREEN

• Consist of wedge weir, perforated plate, or closely spaced bars,

with openings of 0.1 mm to 6mm.

• Installed downstream of coarse screen or grit chambers

• Types
• Rotary drum,
• Step type screens,
• Band screen, and
• static wedge wire (fixed).

• Screenings from fine screens typically contain higher

concentrations of organic matter.

• Washer / compactors, either integral to the screen or

standalone, must be used with fine screen
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT-GRIT REMOVAL
Grit consists of fine, discrete, non-biodegradable particle that have settling velocity
greater than organic solids.
It is typically defined as particles greater than 200 microns (0.20mm) and a specific
gravity of 2.65.
Include sand, cinders, rocks, coffee grounds, seeds, and other relatively not putrescible
substance.
Grit removal is included to
(1) protect mechanical equipment from abrasion, wear and tear [Equipment such as
primary sludge pumps, thickener feed pumps, sludge dewatering pumps
centrifuges etc are especially susceptible to wear],
(2) reduce the build up of sediment in pipelines and tanks which can compromise
operations, and
(3) make subsequent sludge handling easier.

There are typically 3 types of grit chambers;

 Constant velocity horizontal flow,
 Aerated grit chambers, and
 Vortex type grit chambers.

Grit from the Grit chamber is pumped from the bottom of the tank into a grit classifier
which separates out the solid material.
HORIZONTAL FLOW GRIT CHAMBERS
It utilizes channels or basins.
The flow through the chamber is in a horizontal direction.
The velocity is controlled by the chamber dimensions, and influent and effluent structures.
An optimum horizontal velocity of 0.3m/s is normally used at a detention time of 45–90 s.
The most common type is a velocity controlled grit channel.
AERATED GRIT CHAMBERS
Air is introduced along one side of a rectangular tank. The air bubbles induce a
transverse circulation, which combines with the longitudinal motion of the
wastewater and forms a characteristic spiral flow.

The velocity of roll governs the size of particles removed. The roll
velocity is
sufficient to maintain organic particles in suspension while
allowing heavier grit particles to settle.
The velocity of the roll is governed by
 Shape of the grit basin
 Amount of air introduced

Air supply is adjustable to provide optimum roll velocity for different conditions
The velocity of the roll is independent of flow through the tank, which allow it to
operate over a wide range flow.
Normally designed to remove 0.21 mm diameter (65 mesh) or larger with 2-5
minute detention time at the peak hourly flow although smaller particles may also
be removed effectively by reducing the air supply.
AERATED GRIT CHAMBERS
Advantages
Maintaining of the same efficiency of removal of grit for variable
wastewater discharge.
Relatively low content of organic matter in the removed sludge.
Preliminary aeration (refreshing) of wastewater.
Low head loss (much less than in conventional grit chambers), where
troublesome linear weirs are necessary for maintaining of constant velocity!.
Intensive transverse circulation can mix added chemicals with wastewater
Disadvantages
High capital costs “aeration system”.
High operating costs (growth of consumption of energy and additional
servicing personnel).
Some volatile organic components and odors may be released from the
wastewater
VORTEX GRIT CHAMBER

Grit-laden flow enters the unit tangentially. The spiralling flow pattern
tends to lift lighter organic particles
This mechanically induced vortex captures grit at the centre & the grit is
removed through a hopper
Units are usually compact
Design is usually proprietary
Adjustable rotating paddles maintain the proper circulation within the unit
for all flows – These paddles may collect rags
Highly energy efficient
Grit sump can become compacted and clog – May require high-pressure
agitation water or air to clear
 4.1.11 PRIMARY TREATMENT
• The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic
and inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials
that will float (scum) by skimming.

• Approximately 25 - 50% of the incoming BOD5, 50 -70% of the TSS, and

65% of the oil and grease are removed.

• Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals associated

with solids are also removed.

• The process is important because the reduction

of suspended organic
solids lowers the oxygen demand, decreases the rate of
energy consumption, and reduces operational problems with
downstream biological treatment processes.
• The principal form of primary treatment is sedimentation.
 PRIMARY TREATMENT
• Primary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers may be round or rectangular
basins, typically 3 to 5 m deep, with hydraulic retention time between 2
and 3 hours;

• Settled solids (primary sludge) are normally removed from the bottom
of tanks by sludge rakes that scrape the sludge to a central well from
which it is pumped to sludge processing units;

• They are used in municipal and industrial installations where high

organic loadings are an issue. They serve an important function in
heavily loaded treatment plants through the reduction in suspended
solid and organic material.

• Main issue with installing primary clarifiers is the production of

primary sludge which requires additional sludge processing handling
equipment in order to treat.

• Typically primary clarifiers require extensive odour control and

abatement systems to prevent nuisance odours escaping from the site.
TYPES OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANKS /
CLARIFIERS
The two main types of primary clarifiers are
• Rectangular Clarifiers
• Circular Clarifiers
 RECTANGULAR CLARIFIERS
• Flow enters at one ends. An inlet channel with multiple openings
is used to distribute flow across the width of the tank

• Baffles break up the influent current, further distributing the flow

across the tank & depth. Baffles prevent the influent wastewater
from traveling straight across the clarifier surface to the outler &
short circuiting

• Settable solids settle to the bottom as the wastewater moves to

the outlet & the sludge collection mechanisms pushs the sludge
toward the sludge hopper

• Length, Width, Depth (WEF, 2005)

• Length: 15 to 90m
• Width: 3 to 24 m, available size of equipment
• Depth: 3 to 4.9m
• Length to Width: > 5:1 – plug Flow
• Length x Width: governed by SOR

• Freeboard: 0.5m to 0.7m

RECTANGULAR CLARIFIERS
Advantages Disadvantages
• less area requirement with multiple units, • possible dead spaces,
• cost-effective for using common walls, • sensitive to flow surges,
• easy to cover for odor control, • restricted in width by collection equipment,
• long travel distance for settling to occur, • requirement of multirow
• low risk of short-circuiting, • weirs to achieve low weir loading rates, and
• low inlet–outlet losses, and • high upkeep and maintenance cost of sprockets,
• low power consumption for sludge collection chains, and flights used for sludge collection.
mechanisms.
CIRCULAR CLARIFIERS
• Circular Clarifiers are extensively used as primary
sedimentation tanks

• They are considered to be the most trouble free with respect to

sludge collection.

• Flow enters through the bottom, coming up through the center

pipe.

• An energy dissipating inlet and feed well slow the influent

current and direct flow towards the bottom of the clarifier.
These barriers prevents the wastewater from traveling straight
across clarifier surface to the outlet. The feedwell prevents
short circulating by forcing the influent current down.

• Settelable solids settle to the bottom as the wastewater moves

to the outlet & the sludge collection mechanisms pushes the
sludge toward the sludge hopper
 CIRCULAR CLARIFIER
• Diameter & Depth:
• Diameter: 3m to 100m. But kept to 50m to avoid wind currents
• Depth: 3 to 4.0 m
• Surface Area: Governed by SOR
• Freeboard: 0.5m to 0.7m
• Inlet pipe & Ports
• Four ports
• Pipe size & velocity
• Velocity: 1.7 m/s at peak hour flow
• Inlet & feed well
• Diameter of feed well: 15% to 25% of tank diameter
• Center well depth: 1m to 2.5m
• Feed well depth: 30% to 70% of depth
• Outlets & peripheral weirs
7.1.12 SECONDARY TREATMENT /BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
• In Preliminary and Primary treatment steps, a significant portion of the suspended and
settelable solids and some soluble solids are removed
90-95% of grit
50-70% of TSS
25-50% of BOD5
• The remaining solids can not be removed with in reasonable time by any physical process in
any subsequent step, hence biological treatment.

• The overall objectives of the secondary / biological treatment of domestic wastewater are to
• transform (i.e., oxidize) dissolved and particulate biodegradable constituents into
acceptable end products,
• capture and incorporate suspended and nonsettleable colloidal solids into a biological
floc or biofilm,
• transform or remove nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus
• Biological treatment demands appropriate bioreactor conditions to maintain sufficient levels
of viable micro-organisms (biomass).
• Micro-organisms feed on organic substrate (food – organic carbon, ammonia and other nutrients) under various conditions:
• Aerobic (free / molecular oxygen dependent)
• Anoxic (chemically bound oxygen)
• Anaerobic (oxygen independent)
• Biomass is separated from the water to leave treated effluent.

Aerobic stabilization
• Oxidation:
COHNS + O2 + Bacteria CO2 + H2O + energy + other end product

• Synthesis:
COHNS + O2 + bacteria + energy C5H7NO2 (New cell tissue)

• Endogenous Respiration:
C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5CO2 + NH3 + 2H2O
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Advantages

 Efficient mineralization (organic carbon to CO 2, organic nitrogen to NO3) is

achievable without significant byproduct formation.
 Operates at ambient temperatures.
 Energy recoverable (as methane) in anaerobic processes.
 Robust to variable organic loads.
 Little odour created (if aerobic)
 Waste product generated (sludge) is readily processed.

Disadvantages
 Relatively slow reaction (4 to 16 hours)
 Susceptible to toxic shock.
 Energy demand by aeration in aerobic treatment processes.
 Odour generated by anaerobic processes.
 Waste product generated (sludge) is readily processed
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
Suspended Growth Systems Attached Growth / Fixed Film Systems

 Biomass fixed to a supporting structure (media)

 Biomass is suspended in water  Biofilm formed on the media
 Oxygen dissolved in the water  Oxygen delivered from air directly to biofilm
 Most common  Less effective oxygen transfer
 Most effective oxygen transfer  Larger footprint
 Lower Footprint process  Limited to smaller flows
 Better substrate removal  Lower energy
 Higher energy
7.1.13 TERTIARY TREATMENT
 Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific wastewater constituents which
cannot be removed by secondary treatment must be removed.

 Advanced treatment processes are sometimes combined with primary or secondary treatment (e.g.,
chemical addition to primary clarifiers or aeration basins to remove phosphorus) or used in place of
secondary treatment (e.g., overland flow treatment of primary effluent)

Chlorination chamber UV disinfection Reverse Osmosis [RO]

7.2 MICROBIOLOGY - INTRODUCTION
 Biological treatment relies on naturally occurring microorganisms to break down organic
matter contained in wastewater into simple substances, mainly carbon dioxide and water.

 Some microorganisms use the organic matter present in wastewater as food to grow and
reproduce. Others rely on ammonia or other materials to grow and reproduce.

 These microorganisms are retained at much higher concentration in biological treatment process
than would occur in soil or natural bodies of water. The high concentration of microorganisms
maintained in treatment process allows the waste to be broken down much faster than would occur
at natural environment.

 Once treatment is complete the biomass is separated from the treated wastewater, which can then
be safely discharged as effluent to a stream.

 The biomass in biological process may contain as many as 300 different types of micro
organisms. Micro organisms of greatest importance to wastewater process can be classified in to 4
groups:
 Bacteria (95%),
 Protozoa (4%),
 Metazoa, &
 Viruses (1%)

 Each of these groups play key role.

7.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM
I. Classification by Carbon and Energy Source
 For MO to function properly, they must have a source of Carbon and Energy

Carbon Source Energy Source

Carbon is the basic building block for cell Microorganism require energy (fuel) for cell activity including cell
synthesis. growth and reproduction
1. Heterotroph: Obtain carbon from the 1. Chemotrophs: organic & inorganic matter in the wastewater
organic matter in the wastewater (organic matter, Nitrate, Sulphate) as source of energy:
Organotrophs & Litotrophs
2. Autotrophs – Obtain carbon CO2, HCO3,  Hetertrophs: organic matter
CO32-  Autotrophs: inorganic matter
2. Phototrophs: sunlight as source of energy
 Autotrophs

II. Classification by Oxygen Requirement

 There are three different environments that can be present in WwTPs
1. Aerobic (Oxic): Dissolved Oxygen is present
2. Anoxic: No DO but Nitrate is present
3. Anaerobic: NO DO & No Nitrate
Oxygen Requirement

The presence or absence of Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrite, Nitrate influence which bacteria are active and how they process
their fuel
 Obligate aerobes: They grow in presence of dissolved oxygen.

Organic Matter + Nutrients + Bacteria + O2  New bacteria + CO2 +

H2O
 Obligate anaerobes: They cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. They partially breakdown organic matter to get
some energy then use the breakdown compounds for respiration.

 Facultative anaerobes: They survive under different environmental conditions. They prefer to use DO but can switch to a
chemically bound form of oxygen like Nitrite or Nitrate when DO is not available. E.g. Denitirifiers utilize Nitrites and
Nitrate instead of oxygen. Nitrate nitrogen is converted to nitrogen gas in the absence of oxygen. This process is called
anoxic Denitrification.

Organic Matter + Nutrients + Bacteria + NOx  New bacteria + N2 + CO2 + H2O

BACTERIA
Element
 These are small single cell organisms & are found in great number in
polluted water. They come in various sizes and shapes. Carbon 45-55%
 They constitute 95% of the microorganisms in wastewater Oxygen 16-22%
 Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus are major constituents of bacterial cell Nitrogen 12-16%

 If one or more of these elements are not present in the influent wastewater in Hydrogen 7-10%
high concentration, the bacteria will not grow and reproduce at maximum Phosphorous 2-5%
rate
Sulfur 0.8-1.5
 Generally C:N:P 100:5:1
Others 4%
PROTOZA

 These are unicellular organisms. Include Amoeba, flagellate & ciliates

 They account for 90% of non bacterial biomass
 They are predators to bacteria & algae which are their food sources
 They are larger than bacteria & each can consume hundreds of bacteria per
hour. The large number of bacteria consumed reduces the volume of waste
biomass by as much as 20%
 They absorb colloidal particles improving settelability of suspended
particles.
 Most are aerobic chemoheterotrophs. They are desirable in wastewater
effluent because they act as polishers in consuming the bacteria.
METAZOA
They are multicellular organisms
Slower growing Worms, Rotifers,
Typically larger than protozoa
Reproduce by sexual and asexual reproduction
7.2.2 GROWTH & REPRODUCTION
When a bacteria cell grows to full size, it reproduce by dividing in to two
daughter cells through binary fission
Rapid growth & cell division of the daughter cells results in exponential
growth in the number of bacteria
1  2  4  8  16 32-----
Microorganisms generally exhibit sequential growth phase
 Lag phase
 Accelerated growth phase
 Exponential growth phase
 Retardation phase
 Stationary phase
 Death phase
 GROWTH & REPRODUCTION Pure Culture

I. Lag Phase: No growth. Bacteria adjust to their new environment and

begin to produce enzymes required to breakdown the new food source.
II. Accelerated growth phase: At the end of the lag phase the bacteria begin
to divide. Because all of the organisms do not divide at the same time,
there is a gradual increase in population.
III. Log / exponential growth phase: Microorganisms reproduce at
maximum growth rate. Resource are plentiful. The increase in population
follows in geometric progression: 1 → 2 → 4 → 8 → 16 → 32, and so
forth.
IV. Retardation Phase: As the number of bacteria grow, the food available for
each decreases. Fewer bacteria have adequate food to reproduce and
decline in the number observed.
V. Stationary phase: As the substrate becomes exhausted or as toxic
byproducts build up, the number of bacteria in the system will level out
with the food available. Thus, at some point the population becomes
constant either as a result of cessation of fission or a balance in death and
reproduction rates.
VI. Death Phase: Following the stationary phase, the bacteria begin to die
faster than they reproduce. This death phase is due to a variety of causes
that are basically an extension of those that lead to the stationary phase.
Microbial Growth Rate
 Biological secondary treatment process design and operation are based on the
growth kinetics of micro organism.
 In wastewater treatment, as in nature, pure cultures of microorganisms do not exist.
Rather, a mixture of species compete and survive within the limits set by the
environment.
 Each kind of bacteria will grow at its maximum rate only when the water
surrounding the bacteria has an optimum pH & contains sufficient amounts of
oxygen source, nutrients, and trace elements,
 Microbial growth rates are often lower than the maximum growth rates because one
or more of the substances they need to grow and reproduce is not available in
sufficient quantities
 The most common limiting factors include
 exhaustion of nutrients,
 accumulation of toxic byproducts, and
 changes in ion concentrations, especially pH.
THE MONOD EQUATION
In the exponential / log-growth phase, the rate expression for biomass increase is

dX / dt or rg - growth rate of the biomass, mg/L. d

μ specific growth rate constant due to synthesis, d -1
X concentration of biomass, mg/L

dX
r g= =𝜇 𝑋
dt

Monod Equation: Because of the difficulty of direct measurement of μ in mixed

cultures, Monod developed a model equation that assumes that the rate of
substrate utilization, and therefore the rate of biomass production, is limited
by the rate of enzyme reactions involving the substrate compound that is in
shortest supply relative to its need:
μm maximum specific growth rate, d -1
μm S
μ= S concentration of rate limiting substrate, mg/L
Ks+S Ks half saturation constant, mg/L, i.e., concentration
of limiting substrate when = 0.5 μm
Growth rate
μm S X
r g=
K s+S
Net biomass growth (rx)

Net biomass growth = growth rate – death rate

If all of the substrate in the system were converted to biomass, the rate of substrate utilization ( dS /
dt ) would equal the rate of biomass production. Because of the inefficiency of the conversion
process, the rate of substrate utilization will be greater than the rate of biomass utilization, so
dX dS
r g= =Y
dt dt Y= decimal fraction of substrate mass converted to biomass

dS 1 dX r g
= =
dt Y dt Y

dS 1 μ m SX
=
dt Y K s + S

1 μm SX
r su = rsu=substrate utilization rate
Y Ks+ S
 EFFECT OF MULTIPLE LIMITING
SUBSTRATES
Growth rates in wastewater treatment process are often limited by two or more substances at the
same time. When growth rates are limited by more than one substrate or growth factor, multiple
Monod terms can be multiplied together to estimate the combined effect of two or more substances

xx
FACTORS AFFECTING MICROORGANISM ACTIVITY IN
WWTP
1. Temperature: Microorganisms have an optimum temperature range in which they can function
optimally. It affects solubility of oxygen and biological activity. Typically, the ideal range for most
wastewater treatment microorganisms is between 25-35 degrees Celsius.
2. pH: The pH level of the wastewater can significantly affect the activity of microorganisms. Most
microorganisms prefer a neutral pH range between 6 and 8. Extreme pH levels can inhibit their
growth and activity.
3. Oxygen levels: The presence or absence of oxygen can greatly impact the activity of microorganisms in
wastewater treatment. Aerobic microorganisms require oxygen for their metabolic processes, while
anaerobic microorganisms can only function in the absence of oxygen. Oxygen availability is often
controlled using aeration in wastewater treatment processes.
4. Nutrient availability & balance: Microorganisms in wastewater treatment require essential nutrients
such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements to grow and function properly. The availability
and balance of these nutrients in the wastewater can affect the activity of microorganisms.
5. Toxic substances: The presence of toxic substances in wastewater, such as heavy metals, toxic
chemicals, pesticides, or antibiotics, can inhibit the growth and activity of microorganisms.
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is very important where wastewater is being discharged to
surface waters (rivers and lakes).

At normal atmospheric pressure, the solubility of oxygen in water decreases

with increasing temperature:
• At 10oC - 11.33 mg dissolved O2/L
• At 20oC - 9.17 mg dissolved O2/L

For effective biological treatment of wastewater dissolved oxygen (DO) and

temperature are critical factors. High DO and high temperatures give rise to
optimal conditions.

However, there is a slight anomaly between both. Optimum temperature for bacterial activity 25 oc
• Biological activity doubles with every 10 oC increase in to 35oc. Aerobic digestion & nitrification stops
temperature; when temp > 50oc. Methane producing bacteria
• However, higher temperatures reduce oxygen solubility. become inactive below 15oc. Nitrifying bacteria
cease functioning at about 5 oc. At 2oc, even
chemohetrotrophic bacteria stop
The optimum temperature is a trade-off between biological activity and
oxygen solubility.
2.3 SUSPENDED GROWTH SYSTEMS – ACTIVATED
SLUDGE
2.3.1 TERMINOLOGIES

Terminology Definition
Substrate The biodegradable organic material that serves as Food to the microorganisms in the
wastewater. It is expressed as BOD5, COD
Biomass Mass of microorganisms in activated sludge that degrade substrate
Mixed Liquor Suspended The amount of solids in activated sludge aeration tank expressed in mg/l
Solids (MLSS)
Mixed Liquor Volatile The volatile component of the mass of solids in activated sludge aeration tank
Suspended Solids (MLVSS)
Food to Microorganism ratio Ratio of the amount of food / substrate in the Activated sludge system (expressed as BOD
(F:M ration) or COD) to the amount of biomass in the system (MLSS/ MLVSS)
Flocs In activated sludge system, micro organism produce exopolymer / sticky substance which
facilitate the micro organisms to form clumps.
Biofilm Microorganism that attach to fixed media and the biomass that is formed on these surface
is referred as biofilm
TERMINOLOGIES
Terminology Definition
Hydraulic Retention Time The average time that a fluid particle in a wastewater stays in a treatment unit /
(HRT) reactor.
Solids Retention Time (SRT), The average time a microorganism stays in a treatment unit/ reactor consuming
Sludge Age/ Mean Cell substrate before it is wasted or removed
Residence Time (MCRT)
Return Activate Sludge (RAS) The sludge that is returned from the secondary clarifier to the Aeration Tank to
activate and maintain the required MLSS
Waste Activated Sludge The excesss sludge that is removed daily from the activated sludge system
(WAS), Excess Activated
Sludge, Surplus Activated
Sludge
 2.3.2 INTRODUCTION
 One of the most commonly used suspended growth treatment process is the
Activated Sludge Process.

 Definitions
 Sludge: It refers to the settled solids that accumulate during the
treatment process. This sludge contains organic matter,
microorganisms, and inorganic materials. Activated sludge, a specific
type, plays a crucial role in biological wastewater treatment.

 Activated Sludge: It is a specific type of sludge. Unlike regular sludge

that settles at the bottom of tanks and has minimal activity, the sludge in
this process is highly active. The aeration process continuously supplies
oxygen to the microorganisms, keeping them alive and constantly
consuming and degrading organic matter in the wastewater. This
"activated" state is crucial for the treatment process's efficiency.
2.3.2 INTRODUCTION
 Activated Sludge Process consists of
 An Aeration tank where a mixed liquor (MLSS), a
suspension of microorganisms (activated sludge), kept in
aerobic conditions (dissolved oxygen present).
 Wastewater is continuously fed into the aeration tank, where
the organic pollutants serve as food for the
microorganisms. These microorganisms grow and
reproduce, forming the activated sludge flocs.
 The flocs are high concentration active bacteria. They
absorb and degrade organic pollutants, converting them into
simple molecules like water, carbon dioxide, and cell
material.
 After sufficient treatment time, the mixed liquor (MLSS) is
transferred to a settling tank called a clarifier. In the
clarifier, the heavy flocs settle due to gravity, separating Activated Sludge
from the treated wastewater. Floc
 The clarified water is then discharged, while a portion of the
settled sludge is recycled back to the aeration tank to
maintain the desired concentration of microorganisms.
 There are a number of different modifications of the activated
sludge process. This include
 conventional activated sludge process,
 extended aeration process,
 sequencing batch reactor,
 tapered aeration activated sludge,
 step feed aeration activated sludge,
 MLE,
 MBR etc
HRT VS SRT
Example
Q Biological Reactor Q= 2,000m3/d
Volume = V V=500m3

HRT= 500/2000 = 6 hr
HRT = V/ Q SRT = 6hr
SRT = HRT

Q
Biological Reactor
Volume = V

HRT = V/ Q
SRT >>> HRT
2.3.3 CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
(CAS)
 The Conventional Activated Sludge provides carbonaceous
oxidation and nitrification
 In CAS
Parameter Value
SRT 4-6 days
MLSS 2,000 – 4,000 mg/kl
F/M ratio 0.25-0.5 Kg BOD5/Kg MLVSS
HRT 6-8 hrs

 Conventional systems can be classified as complete mix or Food to Microorganism Ratio: F/M
plug flow. Food: The BOD5 load in the Aeration Tank
 In plug flow systems the concentration of substrate = Q (m3/d) * BOD5 (g/m3)* (1Kg/1000g)
decreases along the length of the tank. Microorganism: The MO load
 Complete mix reactors have the same concentration of = V (m3)* MLVSS (g/m3)*(1Kg/1000g)
substrate throughout. F/M= (Q*BOD5)/(V*MLSS) =Kg BOD5 per day per
Kg MLVSS
 The main consideration in choosing the conventional system is
the design of the sludge processing and handling facilities.
2.3.4 EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED
SYSTEMS [EAAS]
 In extended aeration systems, there is generally No Primary
Settlement before aeration. As a result, the amount of biomass
(MLSS) in the aeration tank is higher than in conventional
systems, the aerobic reactor is larger, and the detention time
ranges from 16 – 24 hrs.

 In EAAS
Parameter Value
SRT 18-30 days
MLSS 3,000 – 4,000 mg/l
F/M ratio 0.07- 0.15 Kg BOD5/Kg MLVSS
HRT 16-24 hrs

 In extended aeration processes the sludge age is usually

maintained at between 18 – 30 days, to allow for complete
metabolism of the wastewater organics.

 The F/M ratio is low. There is less organic matter available

 Due to the low substrate (organic matter)
concentrations relative to the biomass
concentration, the bacteria start to metabolise
their own cellular material to survive. This
process is referred to as endogenous
respiration.
 This results in a more stabilized sludge in the
aeration tank and negates the need for
stabilizing the waste sludge removed from the
system.

 This usually negates the need for sludge

digestion process in extended aeration systems.

 Since there is no need to stabilise excess

biological sludge, the production of primary
sludge is avoided as this would require separate
digestion process. Therefore, extended aeration
systems do not normally include primary
clarifiers.
2.3.5 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS (SBR)

 The SBR is a modification of the activated sludge process

where
 biological treatment and secondary settlement /
clarification occur within the same tank.
 It operates in a fill and draw condition.

 Unlike the conventional and extended aeration processes,

which are continuous flow, SBR systems are defined as
intermittent flow. Batch Operaion
 In SBR, all processes takes place in a single tank
sequentially. Thus, process operations simply become
sequences in time, with pre-defined intervals for each step
to allow for effective treatment.

 This is achieved through the utilisation of sophisticated

control systems to initiate each phase of the cycle as
required.
SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS (SBR)

 A normal treatment cycle is composed of the following 5

phases;
1. Filling – raw wastewater is pumped into the reactor;
2. Reaction – mixing and aeration takes place in the
reactor;
3. Settling – settled sludge separates from clarified liquid;
4. Withdrawal – decant of treated effluent from the
reactor;
5. Idle – adjustment of cycles and removal of excess
sludge.

 Usually more than one reactor is needed to account for the

different operational cycles that each batch must undergo.
The SBR process requires additional buffer tanks and
alternating reactors to handle the continuous flow of sewage
into the treatment plant.

 Wastewater is treated in batches rather than as continuous

flow.
2.3.6 TAPERED AERATION SYSTEMS
 In tapered aeration systems, air flow to the aeration
tank is adjusted according to the organic
concentration across the tank.

 In plug flow systems there is a higher organic load at

the inlet to the plant which decreases along the length
of the tank as organics are metabolized.

 By tapering aeration, the efficiency of the aeration unit

will be increased, and it will also result in overall cost
savings.

 Although the design loading rates are similar to

conventional activated sludge processes, tapered
aeration gives better performance.

 Typically, tapered aeration systems would be designed

with approximately twice as many diffusers in the
first half of the tanks compared to the second half.
2.3.7 STEP FEED AERATION SYSTEMS
 Where sewage is added at more than one point along the
aeration channel, the process is called as step feed aeration.

 The addition of the wastewater at various points along the

tank has the effect of balancing the F:M ratios across the
tank.

 Flexibility of operation is one of the important features of

this arrangement as wastewater distribution can be adjusted
to suit incoming feed concentration.

 Step feed process can be operated at a higher MLSS (5,000

– 9,000 mg/l) and therefore have longer sludge ages.

 Generally, aeration requirements will be consistent across

the tank and the utilisation of tapered aeration would not be
suitable. This is because the organic load to each section
would be similar assuming an even distribution of flows.
2.3.8 OXIDATION DITCH -EXTENDED
AERATION
 The system consists of a ring- or oval-shaped channel equipped with
mechanical aeration and mixing devices to promote unidirectional
channel flow.

 The energy used for aeration is sufficient to provide mixing in a

system with a relatively long hydraulic retention time.

 It is necessary to maintain a velocity of approximately 0.3m/s around

the tank.

 Oxidation ditches allows for simultaneous nitrification/denitrification

processes to occur. As wastewater flows from aerated zone to
unaerated zone the bacteria go from aerobic to anoxic conditions.

 Nitrification occurs in the aerated zones, producing nitrate. Under

anoxic conditions nitrate is reduced to N gas.
2.3.10 MODIFIED LUDZACK ETTINGER (MLE)
PROCESS
 The Modified Ludzack Ettinger (MLE) process is a type of
Biological Nutrient Removal plant which utilises particular
microorganisms to remove nitrogen from the wastewater.

 The MLE uses separate aeration and anoxic tanks to

achieve this. In the aeration tank ammonia is converted to
nitrate under aerobic conditions.

 The nitrate rich sludge from the aeration tank is recycled to

the anoxic tank where nitrate is denitrified to N 2 gas. The
internal recycle ratio typically ranges from 2 to 4 times the
inlet flow.

 Typical anoxic tank detention times for the MLE process

range from 2 – 4 hours. A BOD/TKN ratio of 4:1 in the
influent wastewater is sufficient for effective nitrate
reduction.
 Modified Ludzack Ettinger (MLE) Process

 Settled sludge form the clarifier (return activated sludge) is

recycled to the anoxic zone to initiate the breakdown of
organic’s in the wastewater.

 The influent wastewater serves as the carbon source for

bacteria, return activated sludge from the clarifier
provides microorganisms, and the anoxic recycle pumps
provide nitrate as an oxygen source. The anoxic basin is
mixed, but not aerated.
2.3.11 MEMBRANE BIO-REACTOR (MBR)
 The filtration
membrane substitutes the
secondary clarifier of the CAS process.
 The filtration membrane does not require sludge with good
settling characteristic to achieve optimal treatment.

 Higher MLSS are achievable in MBR, and so lower solids

retention time (SRT) and smaller reactor volume are
required by the process (considering same wastewater inlet
flow).

 MBR can provide high quality effluent in a considerably

smaller units

Drawbacks…

 High membrane cost, Membrane fouling, Operational

complexity
2.4 ATTACHED GROWTH SYSTEMS
 As distinct from suspended growth systems, attached growth
systems utilise fixed media to support the growth of a
microbial biofilm.

 The media used can be anything from crushed

stones/rock to plastic media and carrier elements.

 Breakdown of organics is achieved when wastewater is

brought into contact with this microbial film and bacteria
utilise the nutrients and organics for growth and
reproduction.

 A significant process feature of attached growth

processes in contrast to activated sludge treatment is the
fact that the performance of the Biofilm is often
diffusion limited.

 Substrate removal and electron donor utilisation occur

within the depth of the biofilm and therefore the overall
removal rates are a function of diffusion rates and the
2.4.1 TRICKLING FILTER THEORY
 Trickling Filters are a non submerged fixed film biological
reactor a packing medium to support biomass growth.

 A trickling filter consists of a tank filled with a packing medium

made of a material of high permeability, such as stones, plastic
material or others, on top of which wastewater is applied in
the form of drops or jets.

 After the application, the wastewater percolates in the direction of

the drainage system located at the bottom of the tank. This
downward percolation allows bacterial growth on the surface of
the packing medium, in the form of a fixed film denominated
biofilm. The wastewater passes over the biofilm, promoting
contact between the microorganisms and the organic matter.

 Trickling filters are aerobic systems, because air circulates in the

empty spaces of the packing medium, supplying oxygen for the
respiration of the bacteria.
TRICKLING FILTER – PACKING MEDIUM
 With more recent advances in materials production and manufacture
the development of packing materials which offer much large
surface areas have been developed.

 These materials allow for significantly higher organic loading rates

per m2 and therefore offer a greater level of treatment for smaller size
tanks.

 With the continued biomass growth on the surface of the media, the
empty spaces tend to decrease, thus increasing the downward velocity
through the pores.

 When the velocity reaches a certain value, it causes a shearing stress

that dislodges part of the attached material. This is a natural form of
controlling the microbial population on the support medium. The
dislodged sludge is removed in the secondary settling tank to decrease
the level of suspended solids in the final effluent.
TRICKLING FILTER – TYPES
 Trickling Filters are classified according to the
 surface loading rate (Q/A= m3/m2-d)
 organic loading rates applied (Q*S/V = Kg BOD/m3-d).

 Low-Rate TF is a simple process that provides effluent of

consistent quality with influent of varying strength.

 In most low-rate filters only the top 0.6-1.2m of the filter packing
will have an appreciable biofilm.

 The lower portions of the filter may be populated with

autotrophic nitrifying bacteria which oxidize ammonia to nitrate.

 Intermediate and High-rate TF’s utilize continuous application of

wastewater over the media and also utilize effluent recirculation.

 Recirculation provides higher dosing rates, higher organic

loading rates and allows for better control of the biofilm layer.
2.4.2 ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR
THEORY
 Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC’s) are a form of fixed film
process which utilise a rotating drum of plastic media to support the
growth of a biofilm.

 The rotating drums of media are supported on horizontal shafts which

slowly rotate the media within the tank.

 This rotation exposes the discs to the atmospheric air and then to
the organic matter contained in the wastewater.

 This facilitates the attachment and growth of the microorganisms onto

the surface, forming a thick film that covers the whole disc.

 The discs are generally circular and built of low-density plastic, being
installed in such a way as to be partially immersed, usually around
40%.
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR
 In general, RBCs have a minimum of two stages for secondary level
treatment and three stages for BOD removal and nitrification.

 The RBC process application typically consists of a number of units

operated in series. The number of stages depends on the treatment goal
and can be up to six stages for complete nitrogen removal.

 Stages can be accomplished by using baffles in a single tank or by use

of separate tanks in series.

 As wastewater flows through the tank, each subsequent stage receives

an influent with a lower organic concentration than the previous.

 Return of effluent from the last stage is important if low levels of BOD
and ammonia are required in the treated effluent.
2.4.3 MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR
(MBBR)
 The MBBR can provide BOD removal, biological nitrification,
denitrification, and phosphorus removal.

 The microorganisms that carry out the treatment are attached to small plastic
carrier media, typically designed to have a high surface area.

 The MBBR treatment processes typically take place in a tank similar to an

CAS aeration tank.

 The carrier media are kept suspended by a diffused air aeration system for
an aerobic process or by a mechanical mixing system for an anoxic or
anaerobic process.

 The tank volume needed for a MBBR process is significantly less than that
needed for CAS or other attached growth biological processes.

 The media cost per m3 increases the capital investment required for this
technology.
 2.5 DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM

Q, So, Xo Q+Qr, S, X Q-Qw , Se, Xe

S, X, V
Q=influent flow, m3/d
So=influent BOD5 concentration, g/m3
Qu , Su, Xr Xo= influent biomass concentration, g/m3
Qr , Xr
V=Aeration tank volume, m3
X=biomass conc. in aeration tank, MLSS,
Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Qw , Sw, Xr
g/m3
Qu=underflow, m3/d
Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) Su=Underflow BOD5 concentration, g/m3
Main design questions Xr=biomass conc. in the underflow, g/m3
1. What should be the size of the aeration tank & secondary clarifier? Qr= return flow, m3/d
2. How much oxygen is required? Qw= Wastage sludge flow, m3/d
3. How much sludge is produced and wasted
Sw= BOD5 in WAS, m3/d
Xe = biomass conc. in the effluent g/m3
Se = BOD5 conc. in the effluent, g/m3
rg= Net biomass growth, g/m3-d
 Q=influent flow, m3/d
Qo, So, Xo Qo+Qr, S, X Qo-Qw , Se, Xe So=influent BOD5 concentration, g/m3
S, X, V Xo= influent biomass concentration, g/m3
V=Aeration tank volume, m3
Qu , Su, Xr X=biomass conc. in aeration tank, MLSS,
Qr , Xr g/m3
Qu=underflow, m3/d
Su=Underflow BOD5 concentration, g/m3
Qw , Sw, Xr
Xr=biomass conc. in the underflow, g/m3
Biomass Mass Balance
Qr= return flow, m3/d
Qw= Wastage sludge flow, m3/d
Accumulation = Inflow – Outflow + Net growth
dX Sw= BOD5 in WAS, m3/d
V =Q X o − ( Q −Q w ) X e −Q w X r + r x V Xe = biomass conc. in the effluent g/m3
dt
Se = BOD5 conc. in the effluent, g/m3
Assumptions rx= Net biomass growth rate
Steady state
Biomass concentration in the inflow is negligible, X o=0

− ( Q − Q w ) X e − Q w X r +r x V =0

( Q − Q w ) X e + Q w X r =r x V
 Q=influent flow, m3/d
So=influent BOD5 concentration, g/m3
Qo, So, Xo Qo+Qr, S, X Qo-Qw , Se, Xe Xo= influent biomass concentration, g/m3
S, X, V V=Aeration tank volume, m3
X=biomass conc. in aeration tank, MLSS,
Qu , Su, Xr
g/m3
Qr , Xr Qu=underflow, m3/d
Su=Underflow BOD5 concentration, g/m3
Qw , Sw, Xr
Xr=biomass conc. in the underflow, g/m3
Qr= return flow, m3/d
( Q − Q w ) X e + Q w X r =r x V Qw= Wastage sludge flow, m3/d
Sw= BOD5 in WAS, m3/d
( Q − Q w ) X e +Q w X r Xe = biomass conc. in the effluent g/m3
= rx
V
Se = BOD5 conc. in the effluent, g/m3
( Q − Q w ) X e +Q w X r rx rg= Net biomass growth rate, g/m3-d
= Total Biomass∈the System
VX X S RT =
Total Biomass leaving the system

VX
SRT =
( Q o −Q w ) X e +Q w X r
1 r r − KdX
= x= g =μ − Kd
SRT X X
 Q=influent flow, m3/d
Qo, So, Xo Qo+Qr, S, X Qo-Qw , Se, Xe So=influent BOD5 concentration, g/m3
S, X, V Xo= influent biomass concentration, g/m3
V=Aeration tank volume, m3
Qu , Su, Xr X=biomass conc. in aeration tank, MLSS,
Qr , Xr g/m3
Qu=underflow, m3/d
Su=Underflow BOD5 concentration, g/m3
Qw , Sw, Xr
Xr=biomass conc. in the underflow, g/m3
Substrate Mass Balance
Qr= return flow, m3/d
Qw= Wastage sludge flow, m3/d
Accumulation = Inflow – Outflow + Production-Consumption
dS Sw= BOD5 in WAS, m3/d
V =Q S o − ( Q −Q w ) S e −Q w Sr +0 − r u V Xe = biomass conc. in the effluent g/m3
dt
Se = BOD5 conc. in the effluent, g/m3
Assumptions ru= Substrate utilization
Steady state
Substrate concentration in the effluent & Waste are equal is negligible, S e=Sr

Q S 𝑜 − ( Q − Qw ) S e − Q w S e + r u V = 0

Q S 𝑜 −Q S e −r u V =0 X= ( SRT
HRT )[
Y ( So− Se )
1+ K d SRT ]
DESIGN APPROACH

• Important parameters for consideration in the design of an activated sludge process;

1. Solids Retention Time (SRT) – defined as the ratio between the mass of biological sludge in the aeration tank and
the mass of sludge removed from the system each day. SRT’s vary for each process depending on the level of
treatment required.

V = volume of reactor m3
X = biomass concentration mg/l
Q = flowrate m3/d
Qw = waste sludge flowrate m3/d
Xe = effluent biomass concentration mg/l
Xr = waste sludge concentration mg/l
DESIGN APPROACH FOR WWTP
2. Food to Microorganism Ratio (F/M) – defined as the load of food or substrate (BOD) supplied per unit
biomass in the aeration tank. Biomass is expressed as Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS).
F/M
Q = flowrate m3/d
So = influent substrate concentration mg/l
V = volume of aeration tanks m3
X = MLVSS concentration mg/l
F/M

3. Sludge Production – As microorganisms grow and multiply within the aeration tank, excess sludges needs to
be removed in order to maintain optimal operating conditions. Determination of the excess sludge production allows
calculation of sludge to e wasted.
Px,vss = Yobs (Q)(So – Se)(1kg/103 g)
Px,vss = net waste activated sludge kg VSS/d
Yobs = observed yield g VSS/g substrate removal
Q = influent flowrate m3/d
So = influent substrate concentration mg/l
S = effluent substrate concentration mg/l
Design Approach for WwTP

4. Oxygen Requirement – defined as the amount of oxygen required for the biodegradation of carbonaceous
material. When nitrification is included in the process the total oxygen requirement will include oxygen required for the
oxidation of ammonia to nitrate.

OUR= 1.46 Q(So – Se) – 1.42Px,bio + 4.33Q(NOx)

OUR = Oxygen Utilization Rate (total oxygen required g/d)
Px,bio = biomass as VSS wasted g/d

5. Sludge Volume Index (SVI) – Settling characteristics of the activated sludge are extremely important in the
design of secondary settlement tanks. Clarifiers must be designed to ensure adequate clarification of the effluent while
simultaneously ensuring good settling and compaction of the sludge. The SVI is the volume of 1 g of sludge after 30 mins
of settling in a cone.

SVI (ml/g) =
Design Approach for WwTP
6. Volume of Biological Reactor– Critical design formula to work out the correct sizing of the aeration tank to provide
the required level of treatment and support optimum biological populations

Y = Sludge Yield d-1

SRT =
Sludge age (d)
Q = wastewater flow (m3/d)
So = Influent Substrate concentration (mg/l)
Se = Effluent substrate concentration (mg/l)
X = Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (mg/l), MLVSS
Kd = Endogenous Respiration coefficient (d -1)
fb = biodegradable fraction of MLVSS

7. Return Sludge Rate – Necessary calculation to determine the correct sludge return in order to maintain the optimum
MLSS concentration in the aeration tank.
R=
X = MLSS Conc (mg/l)
Xr = Return Sludge Conc (mg/l)
Design Approach for WwTP

8. Sludge Wasting Rate – Process calculation used to determine the volume of excess sludge to be wasted from the system
each day in order to maintain sludge age and MLSS concentration.
Sludge Wasting Rate =

V = Reactor Volume m3
X = MLSS concentration (mg/l)
θ = Sludge Age (d)
Xr = Return Sludge concentration (mg/l)
B I O L O G I C A L WA S T E WAT E R T R E AT M E N T
Table 4‑4 Characteristics and design parameters of different activated sludge systems

Air
Volumetric kg O2 requirement
BOD
Process Flow MLSS Loading SRT reqd. per kg in m3
HRT hrs removal
type regime mg/l kg BOD5 (days) c BOD5 per kg of
percent
per m 3
removed BOD5
removed

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
Conventiona Plug 1500 to 3000 0.8 0.4 to 0.3 4 to 6 0.3 to 0.7 5 to8 0.25 to 0.5 85 to 92 0.8 to 1.0 40 to 100
l

Taperd Plug 1500 to 3000 0.8 0.4 to 0.3 4 to 6 0.3 to 0.8 5 to 8 0.25 to 0.5 85 to 92 0.7 to 1.0 50 to 75
aeration
Step Plug 2000 to 3000 0.8 0.4 to 0.3 3 to 6 0.7 to 1.0 5 to 8 0.25 to 0.75 85 to 92 0.7 to 1.0 50 to 75+
aeration
Contact Plug 1000 to 3000* 0.8 0.5 to 0.3 0.5 to 1.5* 1.0 to 1.2 5 to 8 0.25 to 1.0 85 to 92 0.7 to 1.0 50 to 75
stabilization 3000 to 6000** 3 to 6**

Complete Complete 3000 to 4000 0.8 0.5 to 0.3 4 to 5 0.8 to 2.0 5 to 8 0.25 to 0.8 85 to 92 0.8 to 1.0 50 to 75
mix mix
Modified Plug 300 to 800 0.8 3.0 to 1.5 1.5 to 3 1.2 to 2.4 0.2 to 0.5 0.05 to 0.15 60 to 75 0.4 to 0.6 25 to 50
aeration
Extended Complete 3000 to 5000 0.5 to 0.18 to 0.1 12 to 24 0.2 to 0.4 10 to 25 0.5 to 1.0 95 to 98 1.0 to 1.2 100 to 135
aeration mix 0.6
Example 1.
Design a conventional activated sludge plant to treat domestic sewage with diffused aeration system given the
following data
Population = 35,000
Average sewage flow = 180l/c/d
BOD of sewage = 220mg/l
BOD removed in primary treatment = 30%
Overall BOD reduction = 85%

Solution:
Requirements: dimension of aeration tank, dimension of secondary clarifier
1. Daily Sewage flow, Q= 180*35,000 = 6300 m3/d
2. BOD of sewage coming to aeration tank, So = 0.7 *220mg/l = 154mg/l
3. BOD removed in activated plant, 0.85 *154 = 130.9mg/l
4. BOD in the effluent , Se= 154-130.9 = 23.1 mg/l
5. From table, for conventional activated sludge, F/M = 0.4 -0.3 & MLSS = 1500 – 3000
Take F/M = 0.3, MLSS = 3000mg/l, MLVSS = 0.8*3000=2400 mgl/l

6. Calculate volume of aeration tank using the equation F/M

=
7. Check hydraulic retention time
which is b/n 4 & 6 hrs OK

8. Calculate Sludge Age (SRT)

V=1369 m3
Y SRT Q (S o − S e ) Q= 6300 m3/d
V=
X (1+ f b K d SRT ) So = 154 mg/l
Se = 23.1 mg/l
VX X=MLVSS = 2400 mg/l
SRT =
YQ ( S o − S e ) − f b K d VX Y= 0.5 to 0.7 Kg VSS/ Kg BOD5 removed, take 0.7
Kd =Endogenous respiration coefficient, 0.060 to 0.10 Kg
1369∗ 2400 VSS/ Kg VSS.d, take 0.06
SRT =
0.6 ∗6300 ∗ ( 154 − 23.1 ) −0.6 ∗0.06 ∗ 1369 ∗2400 fb = biodegradable fraction pf MLVSS, 0.6

SRT = 7.2 days

9. Check Volumetric Organic Loading Rate

10. Sludge Production

Px,vss = Yobs (Q)(So – Se)(1kg/103 g)
Px,VSS = 0.48*6300*(154-23.1)/1000
= 396 Kg VSS/d = 0.48

11. Oxygen Requirement

OUR= 1.46 Q(So – Se) – 1.42Px,bio + 4.33Q(NOx)

OUR= 1.46 * 6300*(154-23.1) (1Kg/10 3g) – 1.42*396 = 642 Kg O2/d
BOD removed = Q(So-Se) =6300 *(154-23.1)/1000= 825 Kg BOD /d
OUR / BOD removed = 642/825 = 0.778 Kg O2 / Kg BOD
TRICKLING FILTERS
 Non submerged fixed-film biological reactor using rock or
plastic packing over which wastewater is distributed where
treatment occurs as liquid flows over attached biofilm.
 Alternative to suspended growth
 Attached growth system
 Media is provided for Microorganisms to attach and
grow
 High concentrations of Microorganism’s (& high SRT)
TRICKLING FILTERS
Principles of operation
 Wastewater is allowed to sprinkle or trickle down over tanks of coarser filtering media, by means of
distributors.
 Aerobic bacteria form a bacterial film around the particles of the filtering media.
 sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied by providing suitable ventilation facilities in the body of
the filter or through natural draft
 Organic material from the liquid is adsorbed onto the biological film or slime layer and get degraded
by aerobic microorganisms
 As the microorganisms grow and the slime layer thickness increases, oxygen is consumed and the
substrate in the wastewater is used before it can penetrate the inner depths of the biofilm.
 Bacteria in the slime layer enter an endogenous respiration state and lose their ability to cling to the
packing surface.
 The liquid then washes the slime off the packing, and a new slime layer starts to grow. The phenomenon
of losing the slime layer is called sloughing

 The percolating wastewater is collected at the bottom of the tank through a well designed under-drainage
system.

 The effluent must be taken to the secondary sedimentation tank for settling out the solids generated as
a result of WW treatment.
Trickling Filter Loading

(1) Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR): refers to the volume of wastewater applied to 𝑄
𝐻𝐿𝑅=
the surface area of the filter media per unit of time. It has a s unit of m3/d/m2 𝐴 𝑇𝐹
 HLR determines the flow rate through the filter and affects the contact time between the
wastewater and the biofilm. Higher HLRs lead to shorter contact times and less efficient
treatment. However, a very low HLR may result in channeling and uneven distribution of
wastewater within the filter, also impacting treatment efficiency.
(2) Organic Loading Rate (OLR): refers to the amount of organic 𝑄 ∗𝑆
𝑂𝐿𝑅=
matter, measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), applied to the 𝑉
trickling filter per unit volume of filter media per unit of time. It has a unit of
Kg BOD5/d/m3.
(3) OLR determines the organic load that the biofilm must handle. Higher OLRs
can overload the biofilm, leading to reduced treatment efficiency and potential
washout of biomass. Conversely, a very low OLR may result in
underutilization of the biofilm and decreased treatment capacity.
113
Types of Trickling Filters

(1) Conventional trickling filters /standard rate /low rate trickling filters
• wastewater is applied intermittently with rest periods
• 80% to 90% BOD reduction

114
(2) High rate trickling filters
• Usually characterized by higher hydraulic and organic loadings Advantages of recirculation
than low-rate filters
1-Return oxygen with wastewater.
• same construction details, but the recirculation of effluent is 2- Return active bacteria to increase reaction
provided rate which decrease the required area for the
increase of the allowable load.
• Thus the incoming wastewater is diluted and TSS concentrations 3- Decrease the concentration of BOD on
are reduced. filter.
4- Achieve the plant working day by night.
• 65 to 85% BOD reduction 5- Prevent the growth of fly around the filter.
6- Make the gravel wet at any time.

115
Design of Trickling Filters
It involves the design of :
 The diameter of the circular filter tank and its depth
 Filter media
 The distributors and
 Under-drainage system
 Efficiency

Filter size
 the filter diameter and depth is designed for average value of sewage flow.
 Is based upon the values of the filter-loadings adopted for the design.
 This loading on a filter can be expressed in two ways:

i) Hydraulic-loading rate:
 The quantity of sewage applied per unit of surface area of the filter per day
 For conventional filters ……………………..…. 22 to 44 ML/ha/day 116
ii) Organic loading rate
 Is the mass of BOD per unit volume of filtering media per day

 For conventional filters ……………………….. 900 - 2200 kg BOD/ha-m/d

 For the high rate trickling filters ………….. 6000 – 18,000 kg BOD/ha-m/d

Total flow

 Knowing the area and volume, depth & diameter can be easily determined

 The depth of the rock packing ranges from 0.9 to 2.5 m (rock fill)

 Moreover, since the rotary distributors are available indigenously only up to 60m in length, it is desirable to
keep the diameter of the filter tank up to a maximum of 60m.
Filtering medias (stone used)
 consists of coarser materials like cubically broken stones, plastic packing, slag …
 should not be easily affected by acidic WW, and should be sufficiently hard.
 Its resistance to freezing and thawing is another important property,
 A material with a specific surface area between
45 and 60 m2/m3 for rocks and
90 and 150 m2/m3 for plastic packing is normally used
Generally may range b/n 25-75mm
 The filtering material may be placed in layers; with coarsest stone used near the bottom,
and. finer material towards the top.
 should be washed before it is placed in position to free from dust

118
Sewage distributors over filters:

There are two types

Rotary distributor:
 The rotary distributor consists of a hollow vertical central column carrying two or
more radial pipes or arms, each of which contains a number of nozzles or orifices for
discharging the waste water onto the filter media.
 All of these nozzles point in the same direction at right angles to the arms.
 The force of the water causes the spray heads to rotate (jet action) above the media,
acting like a sprinkler and evenly distributing waste water across the media. (can also be
driven by electric motor)
 The rotary reaction is furnished by a head of 45 to 60cm.

Spray nozzles:
• Stationary /Fixed/ Individual Spray Heads work best for smaller areas
Under drains
 Vitrified clay blocks are generally used as under-drains.
 Ensures satisfactory drainage ……. Manning formula
 The blocks are laid directly on the filter floor, which is sloped toward
the collection channel at 1 to 5% gradient.
 The effluent channels are sized to produce a minimum velocity of
0.9 m/s
 also ensure satisfactory ventilation and aeration of the filter bed
→ To allow air circulation, the under-drainage system should be
designed to flow half full

120
Efficiency:
Example

Sewage flows from primary settling rank to a standard rate trickling filter at an average rate
of 5million liters per day having a BOD of 150mg/l. Determine

a. The depth and volume of the filter, assuming suitable design data

b. Also design distribution and under drainage system

Solution
Total BOD present in sewage to be treated per day
= (5*106)l/d * 150mg/l
= 750kg
• Assuming organic loading between 900 - 2200 kg BOD/ha-m/d (conventional TF)
……….1500kg/ha-m/d , Volume of filter required,

= (750kg/d)/(1500kg/ha-m/d)
= 0.5 ha-m = 5000m3
• Assuming effective depth of filter, d = 2m;
• Surface area of filter (As) = 5000m3/2m = 2500m2
• Using circular filter; where diameter, D = 40m;
• Number of filter units required = Total area required / area of one unit
= 2500/(π/4*402) ≈ 2units …. A = 1256m2
Check hydraulic loading
Hydraulic loading = Total flow / Area of filter
= 5000m3/d / 1256m2
= 4.0m3/m2/d = 40 ML/ha-m/d
Where, it is within 22 - 44 ML/ha/day …………….. Ok!

Hence two units of each 40m diameter and 2m effective depth (total depth of 2 +0.6 =
2.6) can be adopted and extra unit as a stand by can also be constructed
Design distributors / Rotary type
Since it should be designed at peak flow, assume a peaking factor of 2.25
Qavg = 5Ml/d *2.25/2filters = 5.6Ml/d = 0.065m3/sec

Since this flow is divided in to two flow units,

Qpeak one filter =0.065m3/sec , Qavg one filter =0.029m3/sec

Assume central column (pipe) is designed for a velocity of 2m/s at peak

flow and 1m/s at average flow depending on head requirement of the
system
A = Qpeak/Vpeak = 0.065/2 = 0.0325m2
Dpipe = √(0.0325*π/4) = 0.2m , A=0.0314m2
 Check velocity at average flow;
vavg = Qavg /A = 0.029/0.0314 = 0.92m/s < 1m/s

*Reduce diameter, to 0.19m, A= 0.028 ,

vavg = 0.029*4/(3.14*0.19*0.19)
= 1.023m/s >1m/s 

Check velocity at peak flow;

vpeak = 0.065*4/(3.14*0.19*0.19)
= 2.29m/s ≈2m/s 
Hence central column with 0.19m diameter can be used