Temperature
Temperature
Temperature measures the degree of ‘hotness’ of a body. It does
not measure the amount of heat energy.
Thermal energy is transferred along the bar from the high
temperature end to the low temperature end.
The vibrations of the atoms of the metal. One atom passes on
some of its vibrational energy to its neighbor, which originally had
less.
When different regions in thermal contact are at the same
temperature, they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
Most material expand as their temperature is increased.
The physical property that varies with temperature may be used
for the measurement of temperature.
Temperature scales
Substances change state at fixed temperatures is used to define
references temperatures, which are called fixed points.
Thermometers
A ther’mometer is a device used
to measure temperature.
Gas thermometers
(not convinient)
Liquid-in-glass thermometers:
Expansion of the liquid.
Advantage:
Convenient, sensitive and moderately quick-acting.
Electrical resistance thermometers:
Temperature variation of electrical resistance.
Advantages:
Over a small range of temperature, the variation of resistance is
linear.
Sensitive.
Thermoelectric effect thermometers:
Thermocouple.
By taking the value of the thermometric property at two fixed
points, and dividing the range of values into a number of equal
steps---an empirical scale of temperature for that thermometer.
If the values of the thermometric property P are Pi and Ps at the
ice- and steam-points respectively, and if the property has the
value P at an unknown temperature , the unknown temperature
is given by
100 P Pi
Ps Pi
property
Ps
P
Pi
0 100 temperature/℃
constant-volume gas thermometer
Absolute zero:
Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature at which entropy reach
es its minimum value. It does not depend on the properties of any
particular substance.
-273.15 degrees
p
-273 /℃
Graph of p against for constant-volume gas thermometer
Eg
The length of the mercury column in a mercury-in-glass
thermometer is 25 mm at the ice-point and 180 mm at the steam-
point. What is the temperature when the length of the column is 55
mm?
Thermodynamic temperature
For an ideal gas, the relation between pressure p, volume V and
temperature T is
pV
cons tan t
T
T is the thermodynamic temperature.
Triple point of water: the temperature at which ice, water and
water vapor are in equilibrium 273.16K.
One kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the Thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of water.
If a constant-volume gas thermometer gives a pressure reading of
ptr at the triple point, and a pressure reading of p at an unknown
temperature T, the unknown temperature (in K) is given by
T=273.16(p/ ptr )
The Celsius scale (℃)
The unit of temperature on the Celsius scale is the degree Celsius
(℃) ， which is exactly equal to the kelvin.
The equation linking temperature on the Celsius scale and
thermodynamic temperature T is
/ C T / K 273.15
or T / K / C 273.15
Absolute zero on the ideal gas constant-volume scale is -273.15
degree.
273.16 occurs in the definition of the kelvin means that the
temperature of the triple point of water is 0.01℃.
Eg
The pressure reading of a constant-volume gas thermometer is
1.50×104 Pa at the triple point of water. When the bulb is placed in
a certain liquid, the pressure is 4.28×103 Pa. Find the temperature
of the liquid.
