Strategic Human Resource
Management
Adopting an Investment Perspective
Human assets are core competencies and
have become a source of competitive
advantage
HCL Technologies
MANTRA:
“EMPLOYEES FIRST
CUSTOMERS SECOND”.
- Vineet Nayar, CEO
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A Dilemma
Failure to invest in employees causes
– Inefficiency
– Weakening of organization’s competitive
position
Human assets are risky investment
Require extra effort to ensure that they
are not lost
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Research Findings
HR practices directly related to profitability &
market value
Primary reason for profitability:
– Effective management of human capital
Integrated management of human capital can
result in 47% increase in market value
Top 10% of organizations studied
experienced 391% return on investment in
management of human capital
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Strategic human resources
management
In order for an organization to achieve its objectives, its members
must know, understand and share the values, objectives and
mission of the organization itself.
Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is a planned
model of HRM activities aimed at making the organization
achieve its objectives
The challenges to be faced are mainly two:
The integration of people in the strategic objectives of the
organization (alignment);
Effective and efficient management of employees.
Strategic Human Resource Management
SHRM is such only if it enables the organization to
achieve its objectives;
SHRM implies the planning of human resource
development activities aimed at achieving the
organization's objectives;
SHRM implies alignment between corporate strategy
and HR strategy;
When it is limited to the management of daily activities,
it may not have any strategic importance.
HR’s Strategic Challenges
Strategic plan
– A company’s plan for how it will match its internal
strengths and weaknesses with external
opportunities and threats in order to maintain a
competitive advantage.
Three basic challenges
– The need to support corporate productivity and
performance improvement efforts.
– That employees play an expanded role in
employers’ performance improvement efforts.
– HR must be more involved in designing—not just
executing—the company’s strategic plan.
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The Strategic Management Process
Strategic management
– The process of identifying and executing the
organization’s mission by matching its capabilities
with the demands of its environment.
Strategy
– A strategy is a course of action.
– The company’s long-tem plan for how it will
balance its internal strengths and weaknesses
with its external opportunities and threats to
maintain a competitive advantage.
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Business Mission and Its Vision
Vision
– A general statement of its intended direction that
evokes emotional feelings in organization
members.
Mission
– Spells out who the company is, what it does, and
where it’s headed.
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Strategic Management Process (cont’d)
Strategic management tasks
– Step 1: Define the Business and Its Mission
– Step 2: Perform External and Internal Audits
– Step 3: Translate the Mission into Strategic Goals
– Step 4: Formulate a Strategy to Achieve the
Strategic Goals
– Step 5: Implement the Strategy
– Step 6: Evaluate Performance
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Overview of Strategic Management
Figure 3–1
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A SWOT Chart
SWOT Analysis
The use of a SWOT chart
to compile and organize
the process of identifying
company
Strengths,
Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and
Threats.
Figure 3–2
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Strategies in Brief
Company Strategic Principle
Dell Be direct
eBay Focus on trading communities
General Electric Be number one or number two in every
industry in which we compete, or get out
Southwest Airlines Meet customers’ short-haul travel needs
at fares competitive with the cost of
automobile travel
Vanguard Unmatchable value for the investor-owner
Wal-Mart Low prices, every day
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Types of Strategic Planning
Corporate-level strategy
– Identifies the portfolio of businesses that, in total,
comprise the company and the ways in which
these businesses relate to each other.
• Diversification strategy implies that the firm will expand
by adding new product lines.
• Vertical integration strategy means the firm expands
by, perhaps, producing its own raw materials, or selling
its products direct.
• Consolidation strategy reduces the company’s size
• Geographic expansion strategy takes the company
abroad.
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Types of Strategic Planning (cont’d)
Business-level/competitive strategy
– Identifies how to build and strengthen the
business’s long-term competitive position in the
marketplace.
• Cost leadership: the enterprise aims to become the
low-cost leader in an industry.
• Differentiation: a firm seeks to be unique in its industry
along dimensions that are widely valued by buyers.
• Focus: a firm seeks to carve out a market niche, and
compete by providing a product or service customers
can get in no other way.
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Types of Strategic Planning (cont’d)
Functional strategies
– Identify the basic courses of action that each
department will pursue in order to help the
business attain its competitive goals.
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Relationships Among Strategies
in Multiple- Business Firms
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HR and Competitive Advantage
Competitive advantage
– Any factors that allow an organization to
differentiate its product or service from those of
its competitors to increase market share.
– Superior human resources are an important
source of competitive advantage
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The rise of SHRM
A good business strategy, one which is likely to succeed, is formed by
people factors.
In the majority of organizations people are now the biggest asset. The
knowledge, skills and abilities have to be deployed and used to the
maximum effect if the organization is to create value
Strategic Human Resource Management
Strategic Human Resource Management
– The linking of HRM with strategic goals and
objectives in order to improve business
performance and develop organizational cultures
that foster innovation and flexibility.
– Formulating and executing HR systems—HR
policies and activities—that produce the
employee competencies and behaviors the
company needs to achieve its strategic aims.
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Linking Corporate and HR Strategies
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HR’S Strategic Roles
HR professionals should be part of the firm’s
strategic planning executive team.
– Identify the human issues that are vital to
business strategy.
– Help establish and execute strategy.
– Provide alternative insights.
– Are centrally involved in creating responsive and
market-driven organizations.
– Conceptualize and execute organizational change.
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HR’s Strategy Execution Role
The HR department’s strategies, policies, and
activities must make sense in terms of the
company’s corporate and competitive
strategies, and they must support those
strategies.
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HR’s Strategy Formulation Role
HR helps top management formulate strategy
in a variety of ways by.
– Supplying competitive intelligence that may be
useful in the strategic planning process.
– Supplying information regarding the company’s
internal human strengths and weaknesses.
– Build a persuasive case that shows how—in
specific and measurable terms—the firm’s HR
activities can and do contribute to creating value
for the company.
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Creating a Strategy-oriented HR System
Components of the HR process
– HR professionals who have strategic and other
skills
– HR policies and activities that comprise the HR
system itself
– Employee behaviors and competencies that the
company’s strategy requires.
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The High-Performance Work System
High-performance work system (HPWS)
practices.
– High-involvement employee practices (such as job
enrichment and team-based organizations),
– High commitment work practices (such as
improved employee development,
communications, and disciplinary practices)
– Flexible work assignments.
– Other practices include those that foster skilled
workforces and expanded opportunities to use
those skills.
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Translating
Strategy into
HR Policy
and Practice
Basic Model of
How to Align
HR Strategy
and Actions
with Business
Strategy
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The resource-based view of SHRM
Resource-based view Strategy creation built around the further
exploitation of core competencies and strategic capabilities.
Core competences Distinctive skills and knowledge, related to product,
service or technology, that can be used to gain competitive advantage.
The VRIO framework:
– Value
– Rarity
– Inimitability
– Organization
The resource-based view of SHRM
The VRIO framework:
– Value
– Rarity
– Inimitability
– Organization
The resource-based view of SHRM
The VRIO framework:
– Value
• How the HR function can create value to reduce cost, such as reduction in
headcount and the introduction of flexible working practices ….
• How they might increase revenue, as the business as efficacy, also as
customer selection, customer retention and customer referral, means through
enhanced customer service and customer added value.
• Which HR contribute the most to sustainable competitive advantage
The resource-based view of SHRM
The VRIO framework:
– Rarity
• The HR Executive needs to consider how to develop and
exploit rare characteristics of a firm’s human resources to
gain competitive advantage
The resouce-based view of SHRM
The VRIO framework:
– Inimitability
• If an organization’s human resources add value and are
rare, they can provide competitive advantage in the
short-term, but if other firms can imitate these
characteristics, then over time competitive advantage
may be lost and replaced with competitive parity.
The resource-based view of SHRM
The VRIO framework:
– Organization
• To ensure that the HR function can provide sustainable
competitive advantage, the VRIO framework suggests
that organizations need to ensure that they are
organized so that they can capitalize on the above,
adding value, rarity and inimitability.
The resource-based view of SHRM
Applying the resource-based view of SHRM
The resource-based view of SHRM has recognized that both
human capital and organizational processes can add value to
an organization; however, they are likely to be more
powerful when they mutually reinforce and support one
another.
Best-practice SHRM: high-commitment models
The best-practice approach highlights the relationship between ‘sets’ of good
HR practices and organizational performance, mostly defined in terms of
employee commitment and satisfaction. These sets of best practice can take
many forms: some have advocated a universal set of practices that would
enhance the performance of all organizations to which they were applied;
others have focused on integrating the practices to the specific business
context (high-performance work practices). A key element of best practice is
horizontal integration and congruence between policies.
Key Terms
competitive advantage strategic management
HR Scorecard strategic plan
leveraging strategy
metrics SWOT analysis
mission strategic control value chain analysis
strategic human resource vision
manager
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