LESSON 10:
Gender and Development
(GAD)
WWW.REX.COM.PH LESSON 10: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. discuss the concepts of gender and development;
2. explain the various principles relating to the study of gender and
development;
WWW.REX.COM.PH LESSON 10: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
3. discuss the current gender situation in the Philippines; and
4. enumerate and explain the salient points of some laws in the
Philippines that uphold gender rights.
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Lesson Key Concepts and Examples
WWW.REX.COM.PH LESSON 10: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
Lesson 10.1: GAD-Related
Definitions and Concepts
Sex Roles vs. Gender Roles
Sex roles are those roles that are based on the biological
characteristics of a person; they are universal, permanent, and
unchanging.
Gender roles are those roles that are learned by a person as
appropriate to their gender and are determined by cultural norms.
WWW.REX.COM.PH LESSON 10: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
Gender Socialization
•Gender socialization refers to the process by which an
individual, starting from childhood development,
continuously learns about the attitudes and actions expected
by the society in relation to the gender of a person.
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Gender Bias
•As a social construct, gender unpins the concepts of bias
and inequality across all genders, typically against women.
Manifestations of gender bias include marginalization,
subordination, stereotyping, multiple burdens, and gender-
based violence.
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Concepts Related to Gender Bias
1. Stereotyping – prejudiced beliefs or opinions regarding the
characteristics of males and females
2. Marginalization – denying someone’s voice and access to basic
services by virtue of one’s gender
3. Subordination – bestowing less control or power on someone
considered to be of “inferior” sex
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Concepts Related to Gender Bias
4. Multiple Burden – the notion that women are expected to work
longer than men as they are expected to play various roles at home,
at work, and in the community
5. Gender-Based Violence (Violence against Women) – usually
associated with violence against women, as it involves the abuse of
power arising from unequal power relationships based on socially
ascribed gender differences
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Gender Equality
•Gender equality is defined as a state characterized by
granting an individual the opportunity to equally take part
in all the domains of life (economic, social, and political)
no matter what sex or gender he or she may have.
WWW.REX.COM.PH LESSON 10: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
Lesson 10.2: Philippine Gender Situation
and Laws Upholding Gender Rights
Global Gender Gap Index
• Gender gap is defined as the distance between males and females
in relation to their access to social, political, cultural, and
economic lives (Hausmann, Tyson, & Zahidi, 2012). The 2020
Global Gap Index depicts that the Philippines is one of the top
countries in the world that is able to narrow the gender gap, as it
ranked 16th out of 153 countries.
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Policy Imperatives on GAD
International Policies
1. UN Convention on Elimination and
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) – This
is frequently referred to as a global charter of rights
for women. It establishes an agenda for national
action to end such prejudice against women while
defining what constitutes such behavior.
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Policy Imperatives on GAD
2. Beijing Platform for Action – On September 15, 1995, the UN
passed a resolution known as the Beijing Declaration at the
conclusion of the Fourth World Conference on Women. The
resolution was passed to establish a set of guidelines for gender
equality.
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Policy Imperatives on GAD
3. Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable
Development Goals – Also known as the Global Goals, these are
a set of 17 interconnected international objectives that are
intended to serve as a common blueprint for peace and prosperity
for people and the planet, now and into the future.
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Policy Imperatives on GAD
National Policies
1. The 1987 Philippine Constitution – This is the
Republic of the Philippines' constitution, which is
also its highest legislation. On October 12, 1986, the
Constitutional Commission completed the final text,
and on February 2, 1987, a countrywide referendum
approved it.
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Policy Imperatives on GAD
2. RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women – The Magna Carta of
Women is a thorough human rights law for women that aims to
end discrimination against them by recognizing, upholding, and
advancing their rights, particularly those of underprivileged
Filipino women.
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Policy Imperatives on GAD
3. RA 7192: Women in Nation-Building Act – The Act's goal is
to support the participation of women as full, equal partners with
men in economic growth and national development.
4. Joint Memorandum Circulars 2012-1, 2013-01, and 2016-01
– These guide the distribution of the Gender and Development
budget.
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GAD-Related Plans
1. Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive Development (1995-2025) –
This is a national plan that addresses, offers, and seeks complete equality for
female and male development.
2. Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment (GEWE) Plan (2019-
2025) – The government will use this as a guide and primary resource for
creating Gender and Development (GAD) plans and budgets.
3. Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022) – This shall offer a guide for
achieving inclusive and sustained progress for all Filipinos.
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Policies on Gender-Based
Violence/Violence against Women
Republic Acts
1. RA 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act
(VAWC) – prescribes penalties for violence against women and
children, provides protective measures for victims and other
purposes related to VAWC
2. RA 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act – a law making sexual
harassment illegal in settings of employment, education, or training
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Policies on Gender-Based
Violence/Violence against Women
3. RA 11313: Safe Spaces Act – a law defining gender-based
sexual harassment in public places, online, at work, and in
educational or training facilities
4. RA 8353: Anti-Rape Law – According to this law, anyone can
be a victim of rape, including prostituted individuals, nonvirgins,
and those with active sexual lives.
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Policies on Gender-Based
Violence/Violence against Women
5. RA 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act – This law guides
the establishment of rape crisis centers in every province and city,
authorizing the appropriation of necessary funds and other requirements to
provide assistance and protection for victims of rape.
6. RA 10364: Expanded Anti-Trafficking Law – establishes the essential
institutional arrangements for the defense and assistance of trafficked
individuals by formulating sanctions for violations.
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Policies on Gender-Based
Violence/Violence against Women
7. RA 9775: Anti-Child Pornography Law – The purpose of this
law is to define the crime of child pornography and prescribe
penalties.
8. RA 7610: Anti-Child Abuse Law – institutes greater defenses
and security against child abuse, exploitation, and discrimination
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Revised Penal Code Crimes
1. Acts of Lasciviousness – the act of making physical contact
with another person's body to satisfy one's sexual needs even
without intending to engage in sexual activity
2. Seduction (Simple and Qualified) – persuading another to
engage in prohibited sexual activity by using promises, flattery,
bribery, or other means without employing physical force or
violence
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Revised Penal Code Crimes
3. Concubinage – any male spouse who maintains a mistress in
the marital residence, engages in scandalous sexual activity with a
woman who is not his wife, or cohabits with her in another
location
4. Unjust Vexation – any nonviolent human action that unjustly
irritates a person who is innocent
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Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights
and Privileges of Women
1. RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women
2. RA 11210: Expanded Maternity Leave Law – increases the
maternity leave period for female employees to 105 days, with the
option of extending for an additional 30 days without pay. It
grants an additional 15 days for solo mothers as well.
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Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights
and Privileges of Women
3. RA 6725: Prohibition on Discrimination against Women – strengthens
the restriction on discrimination against women in relation to employment
4. RA 7882: Provision of Assistance to Women Engaging in Micro and
Cottage Business Enterprises – gives assistance to women in the micro
and cottage business
5. RA 6949: National Women’s Day – designates March 8 as the
National Women’s Day and a working holiday
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Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights
of the LGBTQI+ Community
International Policies
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights – an
international charter that protects the freedoms and rights
of all people and was approved by the United Nations
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Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights
of the LGBTQI+ Community
2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR) – This multilateral agreement binds the states parties to
uphold the civil and political rights of all citizens, including the
right to life, freedom of religion or belief, freedom of expression,
freedom of association, the right to vote, and the right to a fair trial
and due process.
WWW.REX.COM.PH LESSON 10: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights
of the LGBTQI+ Community
3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR) – It binds the UN member nations to work for
the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the
non-self-governing and trust territories and to people, including
labor rights and the right to health, to education, and to a livable
wage.
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Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights
of the LGBTQI+ Community
National Policies
1. The 1987 Philippine Constitution
2. RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women
3. RA 10627: Anti-Bullying Act – This law establishes
the adoption of policies and programs against bullying
in primary and secondary schools.
WWW.REX.COM.PH LESSON 10: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights
of the LGBTQI+ Community
4. RA 11166: Philippine HIV and AIDS Act – This law helped
enhance the Philippines’ holistic policy on HIV and AIDS
prevention, treatment, care, and support, reconstituted the
Philippine National Aids Council (PNAC), and repealed RA 8504
or the "Philippine Aids Prevention and Control Act of 1998."
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