Active Pinatubo
Mayon Dormant
Taal Caldera
Inactive Extinct
Magma Chamber Crater
MODULE 1: VOLCANOES
MODULE 2: CLIMATE
MODULE 3: CONSTELLATIONS
AA T L
TAAL
AY M O N
MAYON
NAUBPITO
PINATUBO
LAKAN O N
KANLAON
AA R Y TA
ARAYAT
I RAYA
IRAYA
MODULE 1
VOLCANOES
Learning Objectives
Differentiate active and inactive volcanoes
Describe the different types of volcanoes
according to record of eruption , shape of cone
and eruptive styles
Explain what happens when volcanoes erupt
Illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be
tapped for human use
Does Philippines have many
volcanoes
?Why?
Why do we need to study
Volcano?
Where Does the Word ‘Volcano’ Come
Have you ever thought about why volcanoes are
From?
actually called 'volcanoes'? Can you think of a
reason why?
The word 'volcano' comes from the
island ‘Vulcano’, which is a volcanic The island
island in Italy.
actually gets
its name from
the Roman
god of fire –
Vulcan.
Vulcano, Italy.
Can you name volcanoes in the Philippines?
Mayon Volcano Pinatubo Volcano
May 7, 2013 1991
VOLCANO
-is a natural opening or vent in
the surface of the Earth where
molten rocks, smoke , gases
and ashes are ejected.
Where Are Most Volcanoes Located?
The ‘Ring of Fire’ is an area
of the Pacific Ocean that is
shaped like a horseshoe. It is
home to 90% of the world's
earthquakes and 75% of the
world's volcanoes.
Philippines is located along
the Ring of Fire and
according to PHIVOLCS our
country is an ideal site for
volcanic activity.
What Is Our Earth Made Of?
The Outer Core
The outer core is a liquid layer made
out of molten iron and nickel. This
liquid metal creates the earth's
×+ ×+ field.
magnetic
×+
The Crust
The Mantle + This is the outer layer of the
The mantle is approximately 2897km
earth. It varies in thickness
thick and is made of a solid, rocky × from 0 – 60km thick. It is not
substance called molten rock or
even and is made up of pieces
magma. This is what escapes when a
which overlap to cover the
volcano erupts.
entire planet. These pieces are
called ‘tectonic plates’.
The Inner Core
This is a solid layer and is made of iron
and nickel. It is the hottest part of the
earth and can reach temperatures of
up to 5500ºC!
How Are Volcanoes Formed?
Deep in the earth, it is extremely hot. It is so hot, in fact, that rocks
actually melt and form magma, which makes up the mantle of the
earth.
The upper mantle mixes and moves, which
creates pressure underneath the crust. This
pressure can sometimes cause the mantle to
leak out onto the
surface of the earth
– this is a volcano!
oi nt
he st p
H i g
nk s
/ pl a
s
Side a rt
er p
o ut
e r
Low
Crater- funnel-shaped
opening at the top of a
volcano
Ex. Crater of Mayon Volcano
Caldera- formed when a
part of the wall collapses
following an explosive
eruption
Example: Crater of Taal
Volcano
Vent-entrance/opening to
the volcano, where lava and
volcanic ash are ejected
Sill-magma parallel to
the surrounding rocks
Crater- circular depression
at the top of the volcano or
mouth of the volcano
Throat- part of the volcano
where lava comes out.
Conduit- channel through
which magma travels to
reach the Earth’s surface.
Magma Chamber- large
pocket of molten rock
under a volcano.
Secondary vent- smaller
opening in a volcano from
which magma erupts.
Lava- molten rocks that
gets erupted out of the
surface of the Earth
Volcanic Ash/Ash cloud- mixture
of rock, mineral and glass
particles expelled during a
volcanic eruption.
Magma- mixture of molten rock
present beneath the surface of
the Earth.
Classification of Volcanoes
According to record of eruption
According to shape of volcanic cone
According to eruptive styles
Active volcano– are volcanoes that have had
at least one eruption during the past 10,000
years.
Examples: Mayon, Iraya, Kanlaon, Taal ,
Bulusan, Hibok Hibok, Pinatubo
According to record of eruptio
anoe s
e Volc
Activ
Mayon Volcano Iraya Volcano Hibok-Hibok
Kanlaon Volcano Taal Volcano Bulusan
ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Inactive volcano– are those that have not erupted
for the last 10,000 years and is not expected to
erupt again in a comparable time scale of the
future.
Examples: Cabaluyan, Cocoro, Pulung, Tamburok,
Urot
According to record of eruptio
anoe s
e Volc
nact i v
I
Cocoro Volcano Pulung Volcano
Pan de Azucar
Tamburok Volcano Concepcion , Iloilo
A dormant volcano is one that has not erupted for
a long time, however, it may still erupt in the
future.
An extinct volcano is one which has erupted
thousands of years ago, but it will
probably never erupt again.
According to record of eruptio
1.Shield cone
-formed by accumulation of lava
resulting into a broad, slightly
domed structure that resembles a
warrior’s shield
-built almost entirely of fluid lava
flow thus these volcanoes are not
steep.
-tall and broad, with flat, rounded
shapes.
-
According to shape of volcanic cone
Mauna Loa in Hawaii
2.Composite cone or
stratovolcano
-large, typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of
large dimension
formed from alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic
ash, cinders, blocks, and pyroclastic materials.
-has the conduit system from
which magma rises to the surface of the Earth.
-formed from viscous, or sticky, lava that does not
flow easily.
Kanlaon in Negros Island
According to shape of volcanic cone
3.Cinder cone
-characterized by narrow base and steep slope
-simplest type of volcano.
-built from particles and blobs of solidified lava
ejected from a single vent
-characterized by a steep slope, wide crater
-most abundant of the three major volcano types.
Taal in Batangas According to shape of volcanic cone
CANIC ERUPT
a. PREATIC OR
HYDROTHERMAL
A stream driven
eruption as the hot
rocks come in contact
with water .It is short
lived characterized by
ash columns but may
be an onset of a larger
eruption. Taal Volcano in
b. PHREATOMAGMATIC
Violent eruption due to
contact between water
and magma. Large
column of very fine
ash and high speed
and sideway emission
of pyroclastics called
surger are observed. Taal Volcano in
c. STROMBOLIAN
Periodic weak to
violent eruption
characterized by
fountain lava.
Irazu Volcano
d. VULCANIAN
Tall eruption
columns that
reach up to 20
km high with
pyroclastic flow
and ashfall
tephra
Paricutin Volcano
e. PLINIAN
Excessively
explosive type
of eruption of
gas and
pyroclastics.
Pinatubo Volcano
WHAT DETERMINES THE NATURE OF ERUPTION?
Three Primary Factors Affecting the
Volcanoes’ Eruptive Style
Magma’s Temperature
Magma’s Chemical Composition
Amount of Dissolved Gases Magma
Contains
VISCOSITY is a
property of a
material’s resistance to
flow. It is also
described as the
liquid’s thickness and
stickiness. The more
viscous and thicker a
material is, the greater
is it’s resistance to
flow.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VISCOSITY OF THE
MAGMA
TEMPERATURE
The viscosity of magma decreases with
temperature. The higher the temperature of
magma is, the lower is its viscosity. As lava flows,
it cools and begins to harden, its ability to flow
decreases and eventually it stops.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Magmas with high silica content are more
viscous than those with low silica content. The
magma that contains less silica is relatively fluid
and travels far before solidifying.
AMOUNT OF GASES CONTAINED IN THE
MAGMA
Gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma
tends to increase its ability to flow. Therefore, in
near-surface environments, the loss of gases
makes magma more viscous.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
GEO- means “Earth”
THERME-means “heat”
2. Heat Pumps Use heat
coming from close
to the Earth’s
surface to heat
water or provide
heat for buildings.
Philippine Geothermal Power Plants
Tiwi ( Albay) Bago City
Kidapawan ( NegrosOccidental)
Valencia
( North Cotabato)
( Negros Oriental)
Calaca Bacon ( Sorsogon)
( Laguna)
Tongonan
( Leyte)
Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant in Laguna
How do volcanic eruptions affect society?
Decrease in the Earth’s surface temperature
Spread aerosol
particles from plume
around th world
Aftermath of Pinatubo Eruption
How do volcanic eruptions affect society?
Decrease in the Earth’s surface temperature
Spread aerosol
particles from plume
around th world
Aftermath of Pinatubo Eruption
Spectacular Scenery
( Pinatubo)
Rich soils for farming
(Musuan)
