02 - Hydrostatics
02 - Hydrostatics
Longitudinal Stability
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
It indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted
on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially
submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the
body displaces.
DENSITY & RELATIVE DENSITY
Density ( ρ ) of a substance is the mass per unit volume.
Rotational
Pitching: - Tilting forward & backward.
Yawing: - Turning left & right.
Rolling: - Tilting side to side.
LIST
A list
is a “permanent” inclination of a ship
caused by one of the following conditions :-
Off-centre weight (99% of the time).
Negative GM (1% of the time).
FSE (free surface effect).
Bilging
HEEL
A heel is a “temporary” inclination (transverse) of a ship,
caused by outside forces such as winds, waves or during a
ship’s turn.
TRIM
The measure of the longitudinal inclination of the vessel.
Stable Equilibrium
Unstable Equilibrium
Neutral Equilibrium
Stable equilibrium :- A ship is said to be in stable
equilibrium if, when inclined, she tends to return to the
initial position.
the ship.
Weights may be discharged from positions above the
CG.
Free surfaces within the ship may be removed.
DISPLACEMENT
When a ship is floating freely at rest, the mass of the ship
is equal to the mass of the volume of water displacedby
the ship and is therefore known as the displacement of
the ship.
Symbols:
Δ= displacement in tonnes.
= volume of displacement in m3.
m=v×ρ
For sea water,
Δ = × 1.025 tonnes.
Note :- Displacement is always regarded as mass.
• Mass of ship = Displacement =Δtonnes.
• Weight of ship =Δ gKN.
TONNE PER CENTIMETRE IMMERSION (TPC)
The tonne per cm immersion (TPC) of a ship at any given
draught is the mass required to increase the mean draught
by 1cm.
Draft Displacement
When displacement is constant When draft is constant
Ship shaped
FWA (mm.) = displacement
4 TPC
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF DENSITY WHEN
THE DISPLACEMENT IS CONSTANT
When a ship moves from water of one density to water of another
density, without there being a change in her mass, the draft will
change.
This will happen because the ship must displace the same mass of
water in each case. Since the density of the water has changed, the
volume of water displaced must also change.
m = ϱV
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF DENSITY WHEN
THE DISPLACEMENT IS CONSTANT
MASS = VOLUME X DENSITY
IF THE DENSITY OF THE WATER INCREASES, THEN THE
VOLUME OF WATER DISPLACED MUST DECREASE TO KEEP THE
MASS OF WATER DISPLACED CONSTANT, AND VICE VERSA.
V = (change of draft) × water plane area
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF DENSITY WHEN
THE DRAFT IS CONSTANT