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02 - Hydrostatics

The document discusses several key concepts in hydrostatics: 1. It explains Archimedes' principle, which states that the upward buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. 2. Key terms like density, relative density, buoyancy, reserve buoyancy, centers of gravity and buoyancy, metacentre, and degrees of freedom are defined. 3. The principles of stability, trim, list, and heel are covered. Stability depends on the relationship between the centers of gravity and buoyancy. 4. Methods for calculating displacement, tonnes per centimeter immersion, and the effects of changing water density on draft and displacement are presented.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views56 pages

02 - Hydrostatics

The document discusses several key concepts in hydrostatics: 1. It explains Archimedes' principle, which states that the upward buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. 2. Key terms like density, relative density, buoyancy, reserve buoyancy, centers of gravity and buoyancy, metacentre, and degrees of freedom are defined. 3. The principles of stability, trim, list, and heel are covered. Stability depends on the relationship between the centers of gravity and buoyancy. 4. Methods for calculating displacement, tonnes per centimeter immersion, and the effects of changing water density on draft and displacement are presented.

Uploaded by

Goldy26
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HYDROSTATICS

Ship’s floatation & Stability


 Transverse Stability

 Longitudinal Stability
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
 It indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted
on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially
submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the
body displaces.
DENSITY & RELATIVE DENSITY
 Density ( ρ ) of a substance is the mass per unit volume.

 Relative density or specific gravity is the ratio of the


density of a substance to the density of a given reference
material.
 Specific gravity usually means relative density with
respect to water. The term “Relative Density” is often
preferred in modern scientific usage.
BUOYANCY
 Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that
opposes the weight of an immersed object.
RESERVE BUOYANCY
 The volume of the watertight portion of the ship above the
waterline is known as the ship’s reserve buoyancy.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
 The centre of gravity (CG) is the location of the centroid
of mass of a vessel.
 Centres of gravity longitudinally, transversely and
vertically are important to a vessel’s stability.
 VCG: The vertical centre of gravity (VCG or KG) is the
height of the centre of gravity above the baseline.
 LCG: The longitudinal centre of gravity is the position of
the centre of gravity, along the length of the vessel.
 TCG: The transverse centre of gravity is the lateral
location of the centre of gravity.
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
 It is the centre of gravity of the volume of water which a
hull displaces.
OR
 The point through which the resultant of all buoyant forces
on the immersed hull are assumed to act; the centre of mass
of the displaced water.
METACENTRE
 For small angle of heel, about 100, the vertical (through
the new centre of buoyancy) intersects the centreline
(through the centre of gravity) at a point called as the
transverse metacentre or just written as the Metacentre.
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
 Ship’s motions are defined by the six degrees of freedom
that a ship; boat or any other craft can experience.
 Six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) refers to the freedom of
movement of a rigid body in three-dimensional space.
 Translational
 Heaving: - Moving up & down.
 Swaying: - Moving left & right.
 Surging: - Moving forward & aft.

 Rotational
 Pitching: - Tilting forward & backward.
 Yawing: - Turning left & right.
 Rolling: - Tilting side to side.
LIST
 A list
is a “permanent” inclination of a ship
caused by one of the following conditions :-
 Off-centre weight (99% of the time).
 Negative GM (1% of the time).
 FSE (free surface effect).
 Bilging
HEEL
 A heel is a “temporary” inclination (transverse) of a ship,
caused by outside forces such as winds, waves or during a
ship’s turn.
TRIM
 The measure of the longitudinal inclination of the vessel.

 Trim is the difference between the draughts forward and


aft.
 If the difference is zero then the ship is on even keel.

 If for’d draught > aft draught, the vessel is trimmed by


bow.
 If aft draught > for’d draught, the vessel is trimmed by
stern.
EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS

 In the upright position, the weight of the ship acts


vertically downwards through CG, while the upthrust acts
vertically upwards through CB.
 Since the weight is equal to upthrust and the CG and CB
are in the same vertical line, the ship is said to be in
Equilibrium.

 Stable Equilibrium
 Unstable Equilibrium
 Neutral Equilibrium
 Stable equilibrium :- A ship is said to be in stable
equilibrium if, when inclined, she tends to return to the
initial position.

 For this to occur :- CG must be below the metacentre i.e.


the ship must have positive initial metacentric height.
 When the ship is inclined by an external force to an angle
θ, the CG remains in the same position but the CB moves
from B to B1 (see fig.). The buoyancy, therefore acts up
through B1, while the weight still acts down through G,
creating a moment (W × GZ) tonnes meters, which tends
to return the ship to the upright.
 (W × GZ) is known as the righting moment and GZ the
righting lever.
 Since this moment tends to right the ship, the vessel is said
to be stable.
 Righting moment is also known as Moment of statical
stability.
 For small angle of heel (less than 15o) the vertical through
the new centre of buoyancy i.e. B1 intersects the centreline
at M (the transverse metacentre).
 GZ = GM × sin Ө
 Righting Moment = W × GM × sin Ө

 A ship with a small metacentric height will have a small


righting lever at any angle and will roll easily. The ship is
then said to be TENDER.
 A ship with a large metacentric height will have a large
righting lever at any angle and will have a considerable
resistance to rolling. The ship is then said to be STIFF.
 Unstable equilibrium :- When a ship that is inclined to a
small angle tends to heel over still further, she is said to be
in unstable equilibrium.

 For this to occur :- Ship must have a negative GM (initial


metacentric height) i.e. centre of gravity lies above the
transverse metacentre.
 The moment will act in opposite direction and increase
angle of heel. The vessel then unstable and will not return
to the upright. (see diagram)
 Moment of statical stability = (W × GZ) tonnes meters but
in opposite direction.
 Neutral equilibrium :- When centre of gravity (G) and
transeverse metacentre (M) coincides, the ship is said to be
in neutral equilibrium and if inclined to a small angle she
will tend to remain at that angle of heel until another
external force is applied.

 The ship has zero GM.


 Moment of statical stability = (W × GZ) tonnes meters
 Here, GZ = 0
 Hence, Moment of statical stability = 0
 There is no moment on the ship, that’s why it will remain
inclined to angle Ө.
 Since any reduction in metacentric height will
make the ship stable, and any rise in G will make
the ship unstable.
 Correcting unstable and neutral equilibrium:
 When a ship in unstable or neutral equilibrium and is to
be make stable, the effective centre of gravity of the
ship should be lowered.
 To do this, one or more of the following methods may
be employed :-
 Weights already in the ship may be lowered.

 Weights may be loaded below the centre of gravity of

the ship.
 Weights may be discharged from positions above the

CG.
 Free surfaces within the ship may be removed.
DISPLACEMENT
 When a ship is floating freely at rest, the mass of the ship
is equal to the mass of the volume of water displacedby
the ship and is therefore known as the displacement of
the ship.
 Symbols:

Δ= displacement in tonnes.
= volume of displacement in m3.
m=v×ρ
 For sea water,
Δ = × 1.025 tonnes.
 Note :- Displacement is always regarded as mass.
• Mass of ship = Displacement =Δtonnes.
• Weight of ship =Δ gKN.
TONNE PER CENTIMETRE IMMERSION (TPC)
 The tonne per cm immersion (TPC) of a ship at any given
draught is the mass required to increase the mean draught
by 1cm.

Consider a ship be floating in water of density ρ t/m3.


If the mean draught is increased by 1 cm, then,
Increase in volume of displacement = (1/100) × waterplane area.
= Aw/100 m3.
= (1/100) × waterplane area
= Πr2 h
Increase in displacement = (Aw/100) × ρ tonne.
Thus,
TPC = (Aw/100) × ρ tonne.

 For sea water ρ = 1.025 t/m3.


Hence, TPCsw = 0.01025 × Aw.
 At different draughts, variations in waterplane area cause variations in
TPC. Values of TPC may be calculated for a range of draughts and
plotted to form a TPC curve, from which values of TPC may be
obtained at intermediate draughts.
 Example: The water plane area of a ship is 1730 m2. Calculate
the TPC and the increase in draught if a mass of 270 tonne is
added to the ship (in sea water).

TPCsw = 0.01025 × Aw = 0.01025 × 1730


= 17.73 tonnes
Increase in draught = (mass added)/TPC
= 270/17.73 = 15.23 cm
Effect of density on :

Draft Displacement
When displacement is constant When draft is constant

New disp. = New density


Box shaped
Old disp. Old density
New draft = Old density
Old draft New density

Ship shaped
FWA (mm.) = displacement
4 TPC
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF DENSITY WHEN
THE DISPLACEMENT IS CONSTANT
 When a ship moves from water of one density to water of another
density, without there being a change in her mass, the draft will
change.

 This will happen because the ship must displace the same mass of
water in each case. Since the density of the water has changed, the
volume of water displaced must also change.
 m = ϱV
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF DENSITY WHEN
THE DISPLACEMENT IS CONSTANT
MASS = VOLUME X DENSITY
IF THE DENSITY OF THE WATER INCREASES, THEN THE
VOLUME OF WATER DISPLACED MUST DECREASE TO KEEP THE
MASS OF WATER DISPLACED CONSTANT, AND VICE VERSA.
V = (change of draft) × water plane area
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF DENSITY WHEN
THE DRAFT IS CONSTANT

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