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Grids

X-ray grids improve image contrast by removing scatter radiation. They consist of alternating strips of lead and transparent material. Grid ratio, which is the ratio of lead strip height to spacing, determines a grid's ability to remove scatter. Higher grid ratios provide better contrast but increase patient exposure. Grid selection involves weighing image quality versus radiation dose. Moving grids blur grid lines but increase dose more than stationary grids. Virtual grids use algorithms to simulate the effects of a physical grid without needing actual lead strips.

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24 views38 pages

Grids

X-ray grids improve image contrast by removing scatter radiation. They consist of alternating strips of lead and transparent material. Grid ratio, which is the ratio of lead strip height to spacing, determines a grid's ability to remove scatter. Higher grid ratios provide better contrast but increase patient exposure. Grid selection involves weighing image quality versus radiation dose. Moving grids blur grid lines but increase dose more than stationary grids. Virtual grids use algorithms to simulate the effects of a physical grid without needing actual lead strips.

Uploaded by

x6tmnbjp8k
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X-RAY GRIDS

PRESENTER : DR MIRZA SANAULLA

MODERATOR : DR VISHWAPREM RAJ D R


Gustav Peter
Bucky
1913
GRID
• Radiographic grid
consists of series
of lead foil strips
separated by x-ray-
transparent
spacers.
CONSTRUCTION

• Lead
• Interspace materials:
- aluminium
- organic
• Enclosed in aluminium
outer cover
FUNCTION
• Function- improves image
contrast by removing scatter
radiation.
• Primary ra­diation is oriented in
the same axis as the lead strips
and passes between them to
reach the film unaffected by the
grid
• Ideal grid- removes 100% scatter
radiation.
LOCATION
GRID RATIO
• Ratio between height (h)of lead strips and distance (D)between them.
• Parameter to express a grids ability to remove scatter radiation
GR = h/D

Grid ratio a. image contrast


b. patient exposure

For example - 5:1 = 85%


- 16:1 = 97%
GRID RATIO

Grid ratio is directly GRID RATIO

proportional to:

a)Image contrast

b)Patient exposure
GF = 25.4/D+D*
GRID FREQUENCY
• The no of lead strips per inches/cm is called grid frequency.

Higher grid frequency – less grid line on radiograph


Higher grid frequency – increased patient dose
Normal range – 60-110 line/inches
EVALUATION OF
1).Primary transmission :
GRID Percentage of primary
PERFORMANCE radiation transmitted through a
grid.

Typical value – 50 % to
75%
2. Bucky factor

- Indicates how much exposure must be


increased to compensate for removal of
incident photon by the grid.
- Grid ratio bucky factor.
- Actual value = 3-6.
3.Contrast
improvement factor

- Indicates the increased image contrast


obtained from grid use.
- Typical value – 1.5 to 2.5
GRID
 Advantage–
1) Increases image contrast by removing scatter radiation.

Disadvantages –
1) Higher exposure to the patient.
2) Grid line on radiograph.
3) grid cutt off.
TYPES OF GRID
A) STATIONARY B) MOVING
 - Linear / Parallel
 - Crossed
 - Focussed
LINEAR / PARALLEL
GRID
• Lead strips are parallel to
each other .
• Allows tube angulation along
the axis of the grid.
• Has infinite focal distance.
CROSSED GRID
• Consists of two parallel /
focused grid placed at right
angle.
• Has higher contrast
improvement factor.
• No tube angulation is
permitted.
FOCUSED GRID
• Lead strips are angled
progressively from centre to the
edges.
• The problem of grid cutoff at
the edges of the beam can be
overcome by focused grid.
GRID CUTOFF
• It is the loss of primary radiation
that occurs when images of lead
strips are projected wider than they
would be with ordinary
magnification.
• The resultant area will be light in
the area in which the cutoff occurs
Situations producing grid cutoff
1) Upside down focused grid
2) LATERAL DECENTERING

1)uniform loss of radiation over the


entire surface of the grid,
producing a uniformly light
radiograph

2)Most common type of grid


cuttoff
1)far-focused grid decentring
3)Focus-grid distance
decentring 2)near-focus grid decentering
• The cutoff is greater with near than with far focused grid
decentering.
• The central portion is not affected ,but the periphery is light
4) Combined lateral and focus-grid distance decentring
MOVING GRIDS
• Dr Hollis E Potter in 1920.
• Moved to blur out shadows cast by lead strips.
• Precautions – 1) Grids must move fast enough to blur its lead
strips.
2) Transverse motion of the grid should be synchronous
with pulses of the generator.
TYPES OF MOVING GRIDS
1) Single stroke grid –
• Grid has to be clocked with spring mechanism manually.
• The mechanism moves once throughout the exposure.
• Have to reset for each exposure.

2) Reciprocating grid –
• A motor drives the grid back and forth during the exposure.
• No need to reset it after each exposure.
3) Oscillating grid –
• Grid oscillates in circular fashion around the grid frame.
• Comes to rest after 20-30 seconds.
MOVING GRID
• Advantage of moving grid –
- Grid line not seen.

• Disadvantages of moving grid –


- Costly.
- Vibrate the x-ray table.
- Increased patients radiation dose (>15%).
GRID SELECTION
- Must weigh the value of a better-quality
radiograph against your moral
obligation to keep the patient's exposure at
a minimum.
-Usually, 8:1 grids will give adequate
results below 90 kVp.
- Above 90 kVp, 12:1 grids are preferred.
AIR GAP TECHNIQUE
• Alternative method to eliminate scatter radiation.

Principle – intensity of scatter radiation is maximum at


patient surface and diminishes rapidly at increasing
distance from the surface.
Optimum gap width
• Thicker the part, larger the gap.
• First inch of air gap improves contrast more than any
subsequent inch.
• Larger the gap, lesser the image sharpness.
Comparison of grid
and air gap technique
VIRTUAL GRID

• Virtual grid software's are a relatively new innovation utilizing no


physical grid at all.
• Instead, the original purpose of a grid is replicated by an
algorithm based on fundamental mathematics which reconstructs
the radiograph.
• Virtual Grid processing will be of great benefit to technologists for
mobile imaging applications in emergency room, operating room,
critical care and other exams.
• Virtual Grid can be applied to all body parts, including chest,
abdomen, head, spine, pelvis, upper and lower extremities.
Thank you

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