What is development?

Variations in the level of development Human factors affecting development

Development is an improvement in living standards through better Politics Trade

LIDCs Poorest countries in the world. GNI
use of resources. per capita is low and most citizens • Aid can help some • Countries that export
have a low standard of living. countries develop key more than they import
Economic This is progress in economic growth through services and have a trade surplus.
levels of industrialisation and use of technology. infrastructure faster. This can improve the
EDCs These countries are getting richer • Aid can improve projects national economy.
as their economy is progressing such as schools, • Having good trade
Social This is an improvement in people’s standard of from the primary industry to the hospitals and roads. relationships.
living. For example, clean water and electricity. secondary industry. Greater Too much reliance on aid Trading goods and
• •
exports leads to better wages. might stop other trade services is more
Environmental This is advances in the management and links becoming profitable than raw
protection of the environment. established. materials.
ACs These countries are wealthy with a
high GNI per capita and standards
Measuring development of living. These countries can
spend money on services. Education Health
There are used to compare and understand a country’s level of
development. Uneven development • Education creates a • Lack of clean water and
skilled workforce poor healthcare means a
Economic indictors examples meaning more goods large number of people
Development is globally uneven with most ACs located in Europe, North America and services are suffer from diseases.
and Oceania. Most EDCs are in Asia and South America, whilst most LIDCs are in produced. • People who are ill
Employment type The proportion of the population working Africa. Remember, development can also vary within countries too.
in primary, secondary, tertiary and • Educated people earn cannot work so there is
quaternary industries. more money, meaning little contribution to the
they also pay more economy.
Gross Domestic This is the total value of goods and services
Topic 6 taxes. This money can
help develop the country
• More money on
healthcare means less

Dynamic Development
Product (GDP) per produced in a country per person, per year. in the future. spent on development.
capita

Gross National An average of gross national income per

Income (GNI) per person, per year in US dollars. Physical factors affecting development Aid History
capita
Natural Resources Natural Hazards • Corruption in local and • Colonialism has helped
national governments. Europe develop, but
Social indicators examples • Fuel sources such as oil. • Risk of tectonic hazards. • The stability of the slowed down
• Minerals and metals for fuel. • Benefits from volcanic material government can effects development in many
Infant mortality The number of children who die before • Availability for timber. and floodwater. the country’s ability to other countries.
reaching 1, per 1000 babies born. • Access to safe water. • Frequent hazards undermines trade. • Countries that went
redevelopment. • Ability of the country to through industrialisation
Literacy rate The percentage of population over the age invest into services and a while ago, have now
of 15 who can read and write. infrastructure. develop further.
Climate Location/Terrain
Life expectancy The average lifespan of someone born in
• Reliability of rainfall to benefit • Landlocked countries may find
that country. Consequences of Uneven Development
farming. trade difficult.
• Extreme climates limit industry • Mountainous terrain makes
Mixed indicators and affects health. farming difficult. Levels of development are different in different countries. This
• Climate can attract tourists. • Attractive scenery attracts uneven development has consequences for countries, especially in
Human Development A number that uses life expectancy, tourists. wealth, health and education.
Index (HDI) education level and income per person.
People in more developed countries have higher
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wealth incomes than less developed countries.
Five stages of economic development. Traditional society Preconditions for Take-off Drive to maturity Mass
take-off Consumptions Better healthcare means that people in more
Health developed countries live longer than those in less
Subsistence based. Manufacturing Rapid growth with Economy grows Lots of trade with developed countries.
Rostow’s model predicts how a country’s i.e. farming, fishing starts to develop large-scale so people get a high level of
level of economic development changes and little trade. with better industrialisation. wealthier & have consumption. More developed countries have better standards of
over time. The model also shows how infrastructure. higher standards education available than those in less developed
people's standard of living improves. of living Education
countries.
 Barriers to ending Poverty Are LIDCs likely to stay poor?
Case Study: Ethiopia
Debt Many LIDCs have huge national debts from
burrowing from wealthy countries and
organisations. With high interest rates, these Location & Background Current level of development
debts are difficult to wipe out and can lead to a
spiral of decline. This situation makes it difficult • GNI per capita is $505 compared to a world average of $10,858
for these countries to invest in services and Ethiopia is a LIDC in the horn of • Level of wealth per person is significantly less than other LIDCs
infrastructure. Africa. A landlocked country across the world.
surrounded by five countries. • High birth rate & slower death rate equals growing population.
The 10th largest in Africa, it has • A long history of disease, poverty and political unrest.
Trade Countries with a negative balance of trade, import the second largest population HDI of 0.435 with low life expectancy at 63 years.
more than they export make development •
with 94 million. The capital is • Country is reliant on agriculture with 89% of all exports.
difficult. Also ACs have TNCs that operate in Addis Ababa with a population
LIDCs. These companies take profits away from • Country receives more imports than exports.
LIDCs to ACs where their headquarters are. of 3.5 million.

Political unrest Widespread dissatisfaction with the government Influences upon Ethiopia's development
can be caused by political unrest, corruption and
a lack of investment and attention into services Political Social Physical Economic
(i.e. education and healthcare).
• Ethiopia has suffered from • 1984-85 famine killed a million • Rainfall in the country is • Agriculture makes up most of
various civil and military people in just 1 year due to unpredictable. This makes the country’s economy.
Breaking out of Poverty unrest. drought and high food prices. agriculture difficult. • Reliance on agriculture is
• Derg government (1974-1987) • Growing population is causing • Inaccessibility, water shortages vulnerable to climate change.
Countries can try various ways to reduce poverty and increase killed thousands and terrorised a food deficient. and infestations make valuable • Economy is now growing
development. These often involve different types of aid that can people to cause many to • People have a growing trust of land difficult to farm. meaning fewer are in poverty.
either be short term or long term strategies. migrate as refugee. the government but free • Drought affected areas has • Income in the secondary &
• Government is now stable speech is still limited. caused over-farming and tertiary sectors are growing
These are large scaled, government led and since being a republic in 1991. desertification. (particularly in tourism).
expensive schemes involving money borrowed
Top Down from wealthier countries. Their is little community
involvement but instead large scale projects. Ethiopia & Rostow’s Model Millennium Development Goals

These are small scaled, local led and less expensive Set by the UN to set targets to
Bottom Up schemes. They involve communities and charities reduce poverty.
developing local businesses and housing. • Despite the large primary
industry, Ethiopia has + Ethiopia is on track with primary
improved education and education, reducing child
This aid is sent to help countries cope with healthcare due to investments mortality and healthcare.
Short term emergencies such as natural disasters. from TNCs. As a result, Ethiopia - Malnutrition , gender equality,
is at stage 2. disease, global partnership and
This is aid given over a long period to help • Better technologies & quality environmental sustainability is still
Long term countries develop through investing in projects of life is allowing for pre Take a problem
such as education and healthcare. off to emerge.

Fair trade can allow for fair wages. Also grouping

Trade with other countries in the form of trading blocs Investment from TNC Aid & Debt relief Development strategy for Ethiopia
can increase links and increase the economy.
A range of TNCs such as Siemens • 5 million people receive food Bottom-up Top-down strategies
Wealthier countries can cut or partly cut debt to and Afriflora are now operating in aid from charities such as
Debt Relief countries that have burrowed money. This allows Ethiopia at a primary, secondary Oxfam and Farm Africa. This is led by local people and are This is large scale investment at a
for money to be reinvested in development. and tertiary level. • Oxfam’s Goat Aid is sustainable known as ‘grassroot’ project. national level.
+ Investment in infrastructure is for young women. ‘The Girl + Mission Aviation and Farm + $3.6 billion has been spent
increasing tourism. Effect’ encourages equality & Africa have helped locals create converting rural mud roads into
Positives and Negatives of Aid + Increase employment levels and reduces birth rates. sanitation, water systems, educate asphalt roads. Investment in HEP
people receive fair wages. • Wealthier countries farmers and breed a livestock. dams has produced a reliable
Positives Negatives -Some TNC pay low salaries and encouraged the decline of the - Bottom-up approaches can be source of energy.
working conditions are poor. country’s massive debt. localized and depend on - Local farmers have been evicted
Allows for immediate or long- Local people might not always -TNCs sometimes take advantage Less debt repayments has
term investment into projects get a say. Some aid can be tied • volunteers. from HEP dam areas and water
of the unstrict regulations in meant more reinvestment. has become polluted.
that can develop a countries under condition from donor place.
prospects. country.