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Reasoning and Its Type

The document discusses different types of reasoning including deductive, inductive, abductive, common sense, temporal, spatial, monotonic, and non-monotonic reasoning. It provides examples and definitions for each type of reasoning and also discusses advantages and disadvantages of reasoning in intelligent systems.

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Mehar Faizan
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37 views15 pages

Reasoning and Its Type

The document discusses different types of reasoning including deductive, inductive, abductive, common sense, temporal, spatial, monotonic, and non-monotonic reasoning. It provides examples and definitions for each type of reasoning and also discusses advantages and disadvantages of reasoning in intelligent systems.

Uploaded by

Mehar Faizan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REASONING AND ITS

TYPES
CONTENT

INTRODUCTION TYPES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAG
ES

PRESENTATION TITLE 2
INTRODUCTION
Reasoning:
The ability of a system to make
decisions, draw conclusions, and
solve problems based on available
information. It involves the use of
logic, inference, and other cognitive
processes to arrive at solutions or
predictions. Reasoning is a crucial
component of intelligent systems,
enabling them to emulate human-like
decision-making processes.

PRESENTATION TITLE 3
TYPES
• Deductive Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning
• Abductive Reasoning
• Common sense Reasoning
• Temporal Reasoning
• Spatial Reasoning
• Monotonic Reasoning
• Non monotonic Reasoning
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
•Deductive reasoning involves drawing specific
conclusions from general principles or premises.
It follows a top-down approach, where the system
starts with general statements and applies rules
to derive specific conclusions.
Example:
• Premise 1: All humans are mortal.
• Premise 2: Socrates is a human.
• Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
• In this example, the conclusion is logically
derived from the two given premises. 5
INDUCTIVE REASONING
•Inductive reasoning involves making
generalizations based on specific observations. It
follows a bottom-up approach, where the system
uses specific instances to form general principles or
hypotheses.
Example:
•Observation 1: Every morning, the sun has risen
in the east.
•Observation 2: Every swan I have seen is white.
•Inductive Generalization: Therefore, the sun
will likely rise in the east tomorrow, and swans
are probably white. 6
ABDUCTIVE
REASONING
•It is a way of figuring out the most likely
explanation or guess when you have some clues
but not all the information. It's like being a
detective: you gather the facts, come up with
different ideas about what might have happened,
and then choose the best and simplest
explanation based on what you know.
Example:
•Implication: Cricket ground is wet, it is
raining.
•Axiom: Cricket ground is wet.
•Conclusion: It is raining. 7
COMMON SENSE
REASONING
It is an informal form of reasoning which can
gain through experience.
Example:
•If I put my hand on fire, it will burn.

8
MONOTONIC REASONING
•It a type of logical reasoning where conclusions
remain unchanged or only become more certain as
more information is added. In other words, the
addition of new facts or knowledge does not
invalidate previously drawn conclusions. Monotonic
reasoning contrasts with non-monotonic reasoning,
where new information may cause a reevaluation or
revision of existing conclusions.
Example:
•Statement 1: All men are mortal. (Initial knowledge)
•Conclusion 1: If Socrates is a man, then Socrates is
mortal.
•Monotonic Addition: If we add more information,
like "John is a man," we can still conclude that John is
mortal without invalidating the previous conclusion.9
NON MONOTONIC
REASONING
•It a type of logical reasoning where conclusions can
be revised or overridden in the light of new
information. Unlike monotonic reasoning, adding
new facts may lead to the reevaluation or
modification of existing conclusions.
Example:
•Rule 1: Birds can fly. (Default assumption)
•Observation: A penguin is a bird.
•Conclusion 1: The penguin can fly (based on the
default assumption).
•Revised Conclusion: If later we learn that penguins
are flightless birds, we revise our default assumption
and conclude that this particular penguin cannot fly.
10
TEMPORAL REASONING
•Temporal reasoning involves understanding and
reasoning about time-related aspects in problems. It
is crucial for systems that need to handle events,
schedules, and time-sensitive information.
Example:
•Scenario: A social media analytics tool monitors
trending topics.
•Temporal Reasoning: The tool analyzes when
certain topics gain or lose popularity, helping
businesses and influencers to strategize content
creation and marketing efforts.

11
SPATIAL REASONING
• Spatial reasoning involves understanding and
reasoning about spatial relationships and
configurations. This is important for applications
such as robotics, computer vision, and navigation.
Example:
•Scenario: Creating maps for urban planning.
•Spatial Reasoning: Cartographers analyze spatial
relationships between geographical features, infrastructure, and
land use to create accurate and informative maps.

12
ADVANTAGES:

Problem Solving
Adaptability
Learning Improvement
Handling Uncertainty
Efficient Resource Utilization
Human-Like Interaction
Pattern Recognition
Reduced Human Intervention
Error Detection and Correction
Efficient Planning and Goal
Achievement
PRESENTATION TITLE 13
DISADVANTAGES:
Limited by Available Information
Computational Complexity
Vulnerability to Uncertainty
Difficulty with Ambiguity
Challenges in Learning from Limited Data
Potential for Biases and Inaccuracies
Resource Intensiveness
Lack of Emotional Intelligence

PRESENTATION TITLE 14
THANK YOU

PRESENTATION TITLE 15

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