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Lect 2

The document discusses different types of operating systems including single-user systems, batch systems, multi-user systems, multi-programmed systems, time-sharing systems, and real-time systems. It describes the key features of each type of system, such as single-user systems being dedicated to an individual user, batch systems automatically sequencing similar jobs, and multi-programmed systems allowing multiple processes to run concurrently by swapping them in and out of memory. The document also covers interrupts, traps, and signals that can occur in operating systems and trigger event handling.

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39 views12 pages

Lect 2

The document discusses different types of operating systems including single-user systems, batch systems, multi-user systems, multi-programmed systems, time-sharing systems, and real-time systems. It describes the key features of each type of system, such as single-user systems being dedicated to an individual user, batch systems automatically sequencing similar jobs, and multi-programmed systems allowing multiple processes to run concurrently by swapping them in and out of memory. The document also covers interrupts, traps, and signals that can occur in operating systems and trigger event handling.

Uploaded by

ptclexchangenowshera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operating System

By Umer Tanveer
Agenda

 Review Of Previous Lectures


 Single User System
 Batch System
 Multi User System
 Multi Programmed System
 Time Sharing System
 Real Time System
 Interrupts , Traps etc
Single User System

 Personal Computers – computer system dedicated to a


single user.
 Interactive
 User convenience and responsiveness
 Can adopt technology developed for larger operating
systems—multi-process, multi-user
 Individuals usually have sole use of computer and do not
need advanced protection features. several different
types of operating systems
(Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)
Batch System

 First rudimentary system.


 User  operator
 Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
 Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers
control from one job to another.
 Resident monitor :
 initial control in monitor
 control transfers to job
 when job completes control transfers back to monitor
Memory Layout
Multiprogram Systems

 Example: Two processes P1 and P2 with CPU and I/O bursts of one
time unit each

CPU I/O
Burst Burst

P1
P2

P1
…
P2
OS Feature Nee for Multiprogramming

 SPOOLing (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line)


 Memory management
 CPU scheduling
Time Sharing System

 An interactive system with multiprogramming


 A job is swapped in and out of memory to the disk if
needed.
 On-line file system must be available for users to access
data and code.
Real Time System

 Hard real-time systems:


 Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short
term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
 No virtual memory—time cannot be “wasted” on
translation of logical to physical addresses
 OS code structured for efficiency
 Plane landing systems, process control in nuclear power
plants, respirators, etc.
Real Time System

 Soft real-time systems


 Output should be produced within the given time
constraints but if it is not, the result is not life
threatening
 Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system features.
Interrupts, Traps, and Signals

 The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by an


interrupt from either the hardware or the software.
 Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any time by sending
a signal to the CPU usually by way of the system bus.
 Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a special
operation called a system call.
Answer
the Phone
.
.
.

Resume
Interrupt, Trap & Signal

 A process can generate a trap, for example, by dividing a


number by zero.
 A user or a process may generate a signal (an interrupt to
a process
 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service
routine, generally, through the interrupt vector, which
contains addresses of all the interrupt service routines.
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of the
instruction after the interrupted instruction and the CPU
state so that execution of the interrupted process may
continue after the interrupt has been serviced.

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