By

Priyanka Ghose
IT department
GCETTS
1
 2
HOW THE COMPUTER GETS
+1
THE ANSWER
=3

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 0
0 1 1 0
1
0
1
1
0 0 1

 A computer understands
information composed of only zeros and
ones.
 The decimal number system is
convenient for the
programmer.
 The computer uses binary digits for its
operation.
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 DECIMAL

BASIC HEXA
BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM DECIMAL

OCTAL
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 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

DIGITS • 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

BASE • 10

5
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DECIMAL NUMBER 4598

4*10
3

5*10 2

9*101

8
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 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

DIGITS • 0,1

BASE •2
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BINARY NUMBER 1011

1*2 3

0*2
1*2 1 2

1
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 HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM

• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
DIGITS • 8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
.

BASE • 16

9
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HEXADECIMAL NUMBER 1A5D

1*16
A*16 2 3

5*16
1

D*16 0

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 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

• 0,1,2,3,4,
DIGITS •
5,6,7.

BASE •8

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OCTAL NUMBER 5273

5*8 3

2*8 2

7*8
1

3
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 CONVERSIONS IN BASIC
NUMBER SYSTEM

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 BINARY TO DECIMAL

BIT
• 1*24+0*23+1*22 DECIMAL
POSITION
• 10101 +0*21 +1*20.
• 54321 • 21

MUL
BINARY
WITH
BASE

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 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

BIT POSITION • 5*16 DECIMAL

• 5A9
•321 2
• 1449
+A*161
HEX
+9*160
MUL WITH
BASE

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 OCTAL TO DECIMAL

BIT
1 DECIMAL
• 645 POSITION • 6*8
•321 2
+4*8 • 421
+5*8.0
MUL WITH
OCTAL
BASE

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 DECIMAL TO BINARY

Divide through out by 2

• Q=19 • Q=9 • Q=4 • Q=2 • Q=1 • Q=0

39 • R=1 19 • R=1 9 • R=1 4 • R=0 2 • R=0 1 • R=1

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 39
BINARY = 100111

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 DECIMAL TO HEX

Divide through out by 16

• Q=2 • Q=0
35 • R=3 2 • R=2

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 35
HEX = 23
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 DECIMAL TO OCTAL

Divide through out by 8

• Q=57 • Q=7 • Q=0

461 • R=5 57 • R=1 7 • R=7

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 461
OCTAL = 715
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 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

BINARY 4BITS DIV HEX

• (0101)(1101)(1001) • (5) (D) (9)
• (010111011001)2 =(5D91) 6

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 BINARY TO OCTAL

BINARY 3BIT DIV OCTAL

• (101111100) • (101)(111)(100) • (5) (7) (4)
2 =(574)8

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 HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

HEX EXPANSION BINARY

• (5C) • (0101)(1100)
16
• (01011100)
2

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 OCTAL TO BINARY

OCTAL EXPANSION BINARY

• (436) • (100)(011) • (100011)

8 2

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 HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

HEX • (4DF)16

EXP • (0100)(1101)(1111)

BINARY • (010011010000)2

3BIT DIV • (010)(011)(011)(111)

OCTAL • (2337)8
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 OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

OCTAL • (456)
8
EXP • (100)(101)(110)

BINARY • (100101110)2

4BIT DIV • (0001)(0010)(1110)

HEX • (12E) 16
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 REPRESENTATION OF NEGATIVE
NUMBER

9’S & 10’S COMPLIMENT

• DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

1’S & 2’S COMPLIMENT

• BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

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 BINARY ARITHMETIC

• BINARY ADDITION
1

• BINARY SUBTRACTION
2

• BINARY MULTIPLICATION
3

• BINARY DIVISION
4

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 BINARY ADDITION

0 + 0 = 0
1 + 0 = 1
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 1 = 0 1 (Carry bit)

1 1 0 1 (13 decimal)
+0 0 0 1 (+1 decimal)
1 1 1 0 (14 decimal)

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 BINARY SUBTRACTION

0 ‐0 = 0
1 ‐0 = 1
1 ‐1 = 1 1 (Carry bit)
2 ‐1 = 0 Borrow

1 1 0 1 (13 decimal)
+ 0 0 1 1 (-3 decimal)
1 0 1 0 (10 decimal)

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 BINARY MULTIPLICATION

1000 =810
X 0110 =610
0000
+1000
+1000
+
0000 = 4810
011000
0
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 BINARY DIVISION

011 ) 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 (1
011
000 (0
000
000 (0
000
001

(0
000
010
Q=1000=16
R=10= 210 10

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 SIGNED ARITHMETIC OPERATION

 MSB bit is reserved to represent the sign

of
the number.

 When the number is negative, the sign bit

is kept one.

 When the number is positive, the sign bit is 0.

 In 8-bit processor, MSB = sign bit & other 7

bits = number.
 In 16-bit processor, MSB = sign bit & other
15 bits = number.
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EXAMPLES

0000 0 1 0 1 (+5 decimal)

0000 0 1 0 0 (+4 decimal)
0000 1 0 0 1 (+9 decimal)

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 (+5 decimal) 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 (-2 decimal)
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 (1’comp of -2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 (2’s comp of -2) 2

1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 (+3 decimal)

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 BCD AND GRAY CODE

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 LOGIC GATES

 Logic gates perform basic logical functions.

 They are fundamental building blocks

of digital integrated circuits.

 Most logic gates take an input of two binary

values, and output a single value of a 1 or 0.

Some circuits may have only a few

logic gates, while others, such as
microprocessors, may have millions of them.

 There are seven different types of logic gates,

which are outlined.
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 FLIP-FLOPS

 A flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has

two stable states and can be used to
store state information.
 Each flip-flop stores one bit of
information

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 THANK YOU

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