ING 112A

Basics of Academic Writing

F. Şehkar F. KINIK, Ph.D
[email protected]
Table of Contents

1. Homework Check

2. Chapter 3: Plagiarism

3. Chapter 4: Citing and Referencing

4. Conclusion
1. Homework Check
Activity 5 (p. 22)

• which/that was held

• Aziz Sancar, who is a professor
• which/that is called
• which/that
• which/that were
• who/that are born
2. Chapter 3: Plagiarism
Plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism or to plagiarize is to

1. steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's

own
2. use (another's production) without crediting the source
3. commit literary theft
4. present as new and original an idea or product derived
from an existing source
What is Plagiarism?
How to Avoid Plagiarism

Understand what constitutes plagiarism.

Plagiarism is theft, plain and simple. When someone creates a digital image, a written work, or gives a speech, they own it.
If you use those same words or images and call them your own, you are stealing it.
Learn what does not constitute plagiarism.
Plagiarism isn't using others people's work to support your ideas, plagiarism is not giving credit to the original artist. There
are some things that are considered common knowledge, like the United States of America is on the North American
continent, but if it's not as common as that, you should cite your sources.
Check out the rules regarding copyright.
Copyright laws protect artists and authors against plagiarism, but the copyright laws have just changed and higher education
is still determining what the change means because digital media has created a significant impact on using other people's
ideas.
Generally speaking, you need to know to:
Give credit where credit is due
Ask for permission if you use more than 10 percent of something
Refer people to an item rather than copying it
 How to Avoid Plagiarism

Learn how to properly cite references.

There are many citation styles — APA, MLA, MLHA, Chicago Manual of Style, Turabien, etc. Check out which one your college or university, division or school, or
your professor, wants you to use. Purchase the manual for it, and read it. The general idea behind all citation styles is giving your readers (your professor) the
details they need to look up the source.

If you are writing a paper, collect your resources so you can cite them properly. If you borrowed a book or are writing your paper or doing your project over time,
create a digital file of your resources. Make sure to know which information your citation style will ask for and if you use quotes, don't forget the page numbers.

Learn how to paraphrase.

Ideally your work should be original and you should use reference materials to support your ideas, so you should paraphrase as much as possible. Paraphrasing
takes practice, but the basic method is read, think about it, and then restate it in your own words.

Check out TurnItIn.com or some other plagiarism resource.

These helpful Web sites allow you to submit your paper to be checked for plagiarism for you before you turn it in to your professor. Many colleges and universities
provide accounts to plagiarism resources to their students, so check out your school's policy.

Review, review, review.

Once you have written your work or completed your project, set it aside and then review it to make sure you have cited everything. You should also take this
time to glance over your work and check for typos. Common typos to check for are "loose" for "lose"; "it's" for "its"; "effect" for "affect"; and "you're" rather than
"your."

Take advantage of your professor's knowledge.

If your professor offers to read your draft and provide comments, make sure to take advantage of that service. Your professor will note where citation is needed.
Sample Report for Plagiarism
Sample Report for Plagiarism
3. Chapter 4: Citing and
Referencing
Citation
Citation
What is citation?

A citation is a reference to the source of

information used in your research.

Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or

summarize the essential elements of someone else's
idea in your work, an in-text citation should
follow.
 Citations

When to Cite

Common Specific
Knowledge Knowledge

(acquired knowledge and general information) (statistics, data, or figures based on research)
Common Knowledge is NOT CITED! Specific Knowledge is CITED!
Citations: Common Knowledge

Common knowledge refers to information that the average, educated reader

would accept as reliable without having to look it up. This includes:
• Information that most people know, such as that water freezes at 32 degrees
Fahrenheit or that Barack Obama was the first American of mixed race to be
elected president.
• Information shared by a cultural or national group, such as the names of
famous heroes or events in the nation’s history that are remembered and
celebrated.
• Knowledge shared by members of a certain field, such as the fact that the
necessary condition for diffraction of radiation of wavelength from a crystalline
solid is given by Bragg’s law.

NOT CITED
• However, what may be common knowledge in one culture, nation, academic
discipline or peer group may not be common knowledge in another.
Citations: Specific Knowledge

Specific knowledge refers to information that belongs to a particular

fixed area, problem, or subject. This includes:
• Datasets generated by you or others.
• Statistics obtained from sources such as the US Census Bureau and the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
• References to studies done by others.
• Reference to specific dates, numbers, or facts

NEED CITATION
EXERCISES: Decide whether the sentence
includes common or specific knowledge
• ________ Rainforests are found in the tropical climate near the equator.
common
• ________ Rainforests constitute 6 per cent of the earth’s land surface and provides
40 per cent of its oxygen according to 2016 data by National Geographic Society.
specific
• ________ The canopy tree of the rain forest releases approximately 760 liters of
water every year.
specific
• ________ Rainforests are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation and climate
change.
common
• IT U h a s a d o p te d th e Am e rica n
P sy ch o lo gica l Asso cia tio n
re fe re n cin g sty le ; co m m o n ly k n o w n
a s APA 7 t h E d itio n

• F o r F u rth e r In fo rm a tio n :
h ttp s:/ / a p a sty le .a p a .o rg/

Citation Guidelines

• ITU has adopted the American

Psychological Association
referencing style; commonly known
as APA 7th Edition

• For Further Information:

https://apastyle.apa.org/
In-text Citations
In-text Citations

In-text Citations

Parenthetical Narrative
Citations Citations
In-text Citations: Parenthetical Citations

In parenthetical citations, the author last name and

publication date appear in parentheses.

• Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of

expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
• Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of
expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016, p. 5).
In-text Citations: Narrative Citations

In narrative citations, the author last name is incorporated into the

text as part of the sentence and the year follows in parentheses.
• Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
• Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage (p. 5).

• As stated in the book Effective Management, it was illustrated … (Koehler, 2016).

• Based on the article “Effective Management” it was argued that … (Koehler, 2016).
In-text Citations: Narrative Citations

For reporting verbs, please

refer to
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/wr
itingcentre/sites/default/files/do
cs/learningguide-verbsforreport
ing.pdf
In-text Citations: Authors

Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation

Example Example

One author (Johnson, 2020) Johnson (2020)

Two authors (Smith & Jones, 2020) Smith and Jones (2020)
Three or more authors
(Carlson et al., 2020) Carlson et al. (2020)
In-text Citations: Authors

When there is no author, the name of the institution/ organization is written:

Parenthetical Citation:
• It is estimated that about 2/3 of the students starting primary school will most probably
work in jobs that are not present today (World Economic Forum, 2016).

Narrative Citation:
 World Economic Forum (2016) estimates that about 2/3 of the students starting primary
school will most probably work in jobs that are not present today.
 According to NATO (1999), peacekeeping forces in foreign countries face very tough
challenges when they come up against serious aggression.
 In-text Citations: Authors

When there is neither the author nor the institution, the title of the article / book is used.
Article titles are written in between quotation marks!
Book titles are written in italics!

• Based on the article “Barcelona to Ban Burqa in Municipal Buildings” (2010), the move is aimed
at all dress that impedes identification.
• It is explained in the article “Barcelona to Ban Burqa” (2010), the move is aimed at all dress that
impedes identification.
• The move is aimed at all dress that impedes identification (“Barcelona to Ban Burqa”, 2010).
• Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003) defines hacker as a person who illegally gains
access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system.
In-text Citations: No Date

When there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d., which stands for ‘no date’.

Parenthetical Citation:
• The Enterprise, the most powerful ship in the fleet, is made up of a variety
of different alloy materials (Scott, n.d.).

Narrative Citation:

• Scott (n.d.) asserts the Enterprise, the most powerful ship in the fleet, is
made up of a variety of different alloy materials.
In-text Citations: Page Number

One page:
• The size of the universe at the Big Bang was thought to be zero, causing the
universe to be infinitely hot (Hawking, 1988, p. 61).
Two pages:
• The size of the universe at the Big Bang was thought to be zero, causing the
universe to be infinitely hot (Hawking, 1988, pp. 61-62).
More than two pages:
• The size of the universe at the Big Bang was thought to be zero, causing the
universe to be infinitely hot (Hawking, 1988, pp. 61-65).

When there is no page number, paragraph numbers are written.

• The size of the universe at the Big Bang was thought to be zero, causing the
universe to be infinitely hot (Hawking, 1988, para. 4).
4. Conclusion
Conclusion

1. Homework Check

2. Chapter 3: Plagiarism

3. Chapter 4: Citing and Referencing

Conclusion

• Any Questions?

• NEXT WEEK: HOMEWORK*;

• Activity (pp. 33-34)

*Important for participation grade!