2.

6 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions

x x y = sin x
If we graph y = sin x by
x x y = sin x
plotting points, we see
0 0 =SIN(B2) 0 0 0.000
the following:
π/6 =PI()/6 =SIN(B3) π/6 0.524 0.500 Going from 0 to 2π,
π/3 =PI()/3 =SIN(B4) π/3 1.047 0.866 sin(x) starts out with the
π/2 =PI()/2 =SIN(B5) π/2 1.571 1.000 value 0, then rises to 1 at
2π/3 =B5+PI()/6 =SIN(B6) 2π/3 2.094 0.866 π/2, then goes back to 0
5π/6 =B6+PI()/6 =SIN(B7) 5π/6 2.618 0.500
at π. At x> π, sin(θ) goes
π =B7+PI()/6 =SIN(B8)
from 0 to -1 at 3π/2, then
π 3.142 0.000
back to 0 at 2π. At this
7π/6 =B8+PI()/6 =SIN(B9) 7π/6 3.665 -0.500
point the sin values
4π/3 =B9+PI()/6 =SIN(B10) 4π/3 4.189 -0.866 repeat. The period of the
3π/2 =B10+PI()/6 =SIN(B11) 3π/2 4.712 -1.000 sine function is 2π. To
5π/3 =B11+PI()/6 =SIN(B12) 5π/3 5.236 -0.866 graph a more complete
11π/6 =B12+PI()/6 =SIN(B13) 11π/6 5.76 -0.500 graph of y= sin x, we
2π =B13+PI()/6 =SIN(B14) 2π 6.283 0.000
repeat this period in each
direction.
y = sin x
1.500

1.000 π/2, 1.000

π/3, 0.866 2π/3, 0.866

0.500 π/6, 0.500 5π/6, 0.500

0.000 0, 0.000 π, 0.000 2π, 0.000

-0.500 7π/6, -0.500 11π/6, -0.500

4π/3, -0.866 5π/3, -0.866

-1.000 3π/2, -1.000

-1.500
 y = sin x

1.500

(π/2, 1)
(5π/2, 1)
1.000

0.500

(π, 0)
(0,0)
0.000

(2π, 0)
-0.500

-1.000

(-π/2, -1) (3π/2, -1)

-1.500

If we continued the graph in both directions, we’d notice the following:

The domain is the set of all real numbers.
The range consists of all real numbers such that -1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1.
The functions f(x) = sin x is an odd function since the graph is
symmetric with respect to the origin. (f(-x) = -f(x) for every x in the
domain).
The period of the sine function is 2π.
The x-intercepts are …., - 2π, -π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, etc..
The y-intercepts is (0,0).
The maximum value is 1 and occurs at x = … -3π/2, π/2, 5π/2, etc..
The minimum value is -1 and occurs at x = … -π/2, 3π/2, 7π/2, etc..
Example 1 on p. 176
How do you graph y= sin (x-π/4)?
Notice that this function is similar to y= sin x, with (x-π/4)
Instead of x. Therefore, this is just a horizontal shift to the RIGHT by π/4
[show on TI-84]
x x y = cos x x x y = cos x
If we graph y = cos x by
0 0 =COS(B2) 0 0 1.000 plotting points, we see the
π/6 =PI()/6 =COS(B3) π/6 0.5236 0.866 following:
π/3 =PI()/3 =COS(B4) π/3 1.0472 0.500 Going from 0 to 2π, cos(x)
π/2 =PI()/2 =COS(B5) π/2 1.5708 0.000 starts out with the value 1,
2π/3 =B5+PI()/6 =COS(B6) 2π/3 2.0944 -0.500 then decreases to 0 at π/2,
5π/6 =B6+PI()/6 =COS(B7) 5π/6 2.618 -0.866 then continues decreasing
π 3.1416 -1.000 to -1 at π. At x > π, cos(x)
π =B7+PI()/6 =COS(B8)
7π/6 3.6652 -0.866 goes from -1 to 0 at 3π/2,
7π/6 =B8+PI()/6 =COS(B9)
then continues increasing
4π/3 =B9+PI()/6 =COS(B10) 4π/3 4.1888 -0.500
to 1 at 2π. At this point the
3π/2 4.7124 0.000
3π/2 =B10+PI()/6 =COS(B11) cos values repeat. The
5π/3 5.236 0.500 period of the cosine
5π/3 =B11+PI()/6 =COS(B12)
11π/65.7596 0.866 function is 2π. To graph a
11π/6 =B12+PI()/6 =COS(B13)
2π 6.2832 1.000 more complete graph of y=
2π =B13+PI()/6 =COS(B14)
cos x, we repeat this period
in each direction.
y = cos x
1.500

1.000 0, 1.000 2π, 1.000

π/6, 0.866 11π/6, 0.866

0.500 π/3, 0.500 5π/3, 0.500

0.000 π/2, 0.000 3π/2, 0.000

-0.500 2π/3, -0.500 4π/3, -0.500

5π/6, -0.866 7π/6, -0.866

-1.000 π, -1.000

-1.500
 y = cos x

1.500

1.000 0, 1.000 2π, 1.000

-π/6, 0.866 π/6, 0.866 11π/6, 0.866 13π/6, 0.866

0.500
-π/3, 0.500 π/3, 0.500 5π/3, 0.500 7π/3, 0.500

0.000
-π/2, 0.000 π/2, 0.000 3π/2, 0.000 5π/2, 0.000

-2π/3, -0.500 -0.500 2π/3, -0.500 4π/3, -0.500 8π/3, -0.500

-5π/6, -0.866 5π/6, -0.866 7π/6, -0.866 17π/6, -0.866

-1.000 π, -1.000 3π, -1.000

-1.500

If we continued the graph in both directions, we’d notice the following:

The domain is the set of all real numbers.
The range consists of all real numbers such that -1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1.
The functions f(x) = cos x is an even function since the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis. [f(-x) = f(x) for every x in the domain].
The period of the cosine function is 2π.
The x-intercepts are …., - π/2, π/2, 3π/2, 5π/2, etc…
The y-intercepts is (0,1).
The maximum value is 1 and occurs at x = … -2π, 0, 2π, etc..
The minimum value is -1 and occurs at x = … -π, π, 3π, etc..
 TRANSFORMATIONS
y = Asin(ωx - φ) + v or y = Acos(ωx - φ) + v
|A| = amplitude = the biggest value of a periodically changing value.
If A < 0, the graph is reflected on the x-axis.
-|A| ≤ Asin x ≤ |A| and -|A| ≤ Acos x ≤ |A|
[since sin x ≤ 1 and cos x ≤ 1]
ω=Frequency = number of periods per time. The number of periods per
second is measured in hertz (hz for short). We have a frequency of 1hz
if a wave has exactly one period per second. If we have 5 periods per
second, we have a frequency of 5hz.
Period = the length between two points which are surrounded by the same
pattern.
For sin and cos functions, period = 2π
For tan and cot functions, period = π
The new period of this function will either compress or stretch by a
factor of 1/ ω.
If the 0 < ω < 1, the new period is longer than the original function.
If the ω > 1, the new period is shorter than the original function.
For sin and cos:
T = period of new function = 2π/ω
φ/ω = Phase Shift (horizontal displacement)
If φ > 0, graph is shifted to the RIGHT. (e.g. y = sin (x – π))
If φ < 0, graph is shifted to the LEFT. (e.g. y = sin (x + π)= sin(x –(–
π)))
v = vertical displacement
(+) If v > 0, graph is shifted UP.
(-) If v <x 0, graph
y=sin y=sin(.5xis shiftedy=5sin(.5x
+ pi/6) DOWN. + pi/6) y = 5sin (.5x + pi/6)-1

6
5 A=5
4 ω = ½ =.5
3
2
φ =-π/6
1 φ/ω= 
1
2
6   2   
6 3

0
-60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690 720

-π/3
-1 π/
π/ π/ 2π 5π π 3π/ 2π 5π/ 3π 7π/ 4π T = 2π/.5 =4π
-2 6 3 2 /3 /6 2
2 2
v = -1
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
 Example 6 p. 183 Graph y = 3 sin (4x)

y = Asin(ωx - φ) + v
A = 3, ω=4, φ = 0, v = 0

First of all, A=3, so amplitude is 3, meaning the graph will be

stretched vertically up to 3 times it’s max and min. So it will have a
max at 3 and a min at -3.
T =2π/ω = 2π/4 = π/2
The cycle will begin at 0 and end at π/2
There are five key points of a sinusoidal graph: The beginning of
the cycle, the points where sin(x)= 0, and the local maximum and
minimum. Since this graph is not shifted horizontally, the
beginning points is (0,0).
Notice that there are 3 x-intercepts in the cycle (where sin(x)=0)
The graph of sin(x) has x-intercepts at x=0, π, 2π.
Dividing each of those x-intercepts by 4 shows that the graph of sin
(4x) has x-intercepts at 0, π/4, and π/2.
Break it down even further by noticing that sin reaches a max and a
min halfway between the x-intercepts. So it will reach 3 at
(0+π/4) ÷2 = π/8, and -3 at (π/4 + π/2) ÷ 2 = 3π/8.
y = 3sin (4x)

4.000

3.000
Now you try
2.000
#47 on
1.000
p.188
0.000
π/8 π/4 3π/8 π/2
-1.000

-2.000

-3.000

-4.000
 Example 8 on p.184   
y  2 sin   x 
 2 
From the form y = Asin(ωx -φ) + v
ω = -π/2
(However we need ω > 0)
Let’s remember that sin x is an odd function, where
f(-x) = -f(x)
So

    
y  2 sin   x   2 sin x 
 2  2 
Negative sign means sin
function will be
reflected on the x-axis |A|=2 ω = π/2
The amplitude is |-2| = 2 so the largest value of y is 2.
The period is T = 2π/ω = 2  2  2  4
 2 

φ = 0, v = 0, so there is no horizontal or vertical displacement.

Therefore, the period starts at 0 and ends at 4.
sin x = 0 at x = π, so
 
sin  x   0, when x  2
2 
y = 2sin (-pi*x/2)

0
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

-1

-2

-3
 y = cos x y= sinx

1.500

1.000

0.500

0.000
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π

-0.500

-1.000

-1.500

Notice sin x and cos x are basically the same curves.

cos x is just sin x shifted to the left by π/2. Therefore,
cos x = sin (x + π/2).
Or alternatively, sin x is just cos x shifted to the right by π/2.
So
sin x = cos (x - π/2).

Because of the similarity of cosine and sine curves,

these functions are often referred to as sinusoidal graphs.
Homework

p. 186-189 #3-83 EOO