Introduction to Database Systems
Database systems play a critical role in storing, managing, and retrieving data efficiently. They are designed to
ensure data integrity, security, and optimized access. A well-structured database system is vital for the smooth
operation of various applications and businesses.
Components of a database system
Data Storage Query Processing
Stores and organizes data efficiently for retrieval Handles user queries, interprets them, and
and manipulation. retrieves the relevant data.
Security Mechanisms Transaction Management
Ensures data privacy, integrity, and protection Controls database transactions, ensuring
against unauthorized access. atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability
(ACID properties).
Database management system (DBMS)
• Centralized data management: DBMS provides a centralized and structured approach to store and
manage data efficiently.
• Data security and integrity: It ensures the security and integrity of the stored data through access control
and validation mechanisms.
• Concurrent access and transaction management: DBMS allows multiple users to access the data
simultaneously while maintaining the consistency of transactions.
Database Architecture
Conceptual Design 1
Involves mapping out the data model and
identifying high-level structures.
2 Logical Design
Translates the conceptual design into a
representation of the actual data.
Physical Design 3
Focuses on the implementation aspects,
including storage and indexing.
Data models and schemas
Data Models Schemas
Data models define the structure of the data and the A schema represents the overall logical view of the
relationships between them. This helps in organizing entire database. It defines the tables, attributes, and
and understanding complex data effectively. relationships between them.
Query Processing and Optimization
Query processing in a database system involves
transforming a query into an efficient execution plan.
Optimization techniques aim to minimize query
execution time and resource usage.
Data Storage and Retrieval
Storage Management Reliable Retrieval Storage Systems
Efficient management of data Quick and reliable data retrieval Various storage systems such as
storage is paramount for optimal ensures seamless access to disk arrays play a crucial role in
performance. information when needed. data retrieval.
Scalability and Performance
Considerations
Load Balancing
1 Distributing network traffic to optimize resource use.
Caching
2
Storing frequently accessed data to improve retrieval.
Horizontal Scaling
3
Increasing capacity by adding more machines.
Database Types
Relational Databases
1
Structure data using relations/tables
NoSQL Databases
2
Dynamic, unstructured data storage
Graph Databases
3
Optimized for graph-like data representation
Database systems come in various types, each designed for specific data storage and retrieval requirements.
Relational databases organize data using structured tables, whereas NoSQL databases handle dynamic and
unstructured data. Graph databases are tailored for efficient representation of interconnected data.
Entity Relationship
3 2
Entities Relationships
Represent real-world objects or concepts Connect entities and define their interactions
