G&G

Oil Field
operation
Ahmed Nabih
 Meeting Not Session

Ahmed Nabih
Meeting not a session
Feel free
Side talks
Mobile
Respect
Communicate:
Effectively
Accurately
frequently
Do not hesitate to ask
if you are the only one!
Agenda

Introduction

Safety induction

Oil industry history

Exploration Cycle

Operation

Message :Catch your Goal

 Operation

Rig Operation Well site

Safety Rig personal
familiarization models Geologist
 Oil Industry history

1869 Ford car

1870 RockFeller , Standard

oil

Darci 1909 Bp Iran middle east

The Seven Sisters cartel 1928
2nd War

1973
Commercial petroleum deposits
Some people think that oil is in big pools
underground.

Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore

spaces between grains of rock or sand.
Most of these pores are too small to be
seen with the naked eye.
In-Situ Saturation

Rock matrix Water Oil and/or gas

Oil produced

Production

pleistosene 0%

Precambrian <1%

Triassic <1%

Paleozoic 15%

Cretaceous 18%

Tertiary 58%
Silicyite
 Tender Cycle

Block Offer

1 Data Room
&
Data Package
EGPC Evaluation
and Awarding
Tender Cycle

Company
Bidding 4 Company
Evaluation
And Proposal
Economic Decision Criteria
Production Sharing Model

• An Agreement to
1) Explore
2) Appraise
3) Develop
4) Produce

• Based on Sharing Production after Success

• All Costs Prior Production being incurred are cost recoverable
Steps to explore oil and gas
1- Take tender or concession (specific area either offshore or onshore).

2- Start to do gravity and magnetic survey to find anomalies in the area.

3- Start seismic survey in zones of anomalies.

4- Processing and interpretations of seismic data.

5- Integrated subsurface teamwork to make final maps and cross

sections for the target reservoir.

6- Determine the actual surface location and target location (lat & long)
or (x &y).

7- Rent rig to start drill exploratory well????

 Exploration Tools
 Geologic maps
 Correlation charts and
cross sections.
 Source and reservoir rocks characteristics. Surface Geological Data

Geological Data
 Well cuttings
 Cores Sub-Surface Geological Data
 Electric logs
 Drill stem tests.

 Measures the differences in the density of rocks

 Low density rocks are represented as negative
anomalies
 High density rocks are represented as positive The Gravity Method
anomalies.

 Measures variations in magnetic intensity of rocks.

 Basement rocks usually contain more magnetically
susceptible iron-bearing minerals and appear as
positive magnetic anomalies. The Magnetic Method

Geophysical Surveys
 Is the most definitive geophysical means of
structural representation currently in use.
 Seismic waves are reflected by this continuities
within the layered sedimentary section.
 Variation in travel time of the waves produces time-
related records that indicate the position of the The Seismic Method
reflection and demonstrates the subsurface structure.

 Analysis of soil samples, river water, formation water, and oil can be useful in some exploration Geochemical Surveys
activities.
Land Rigs
Offshore rigs
 Types of Rigs

400 ft 2000 ft. >2000 ft Platform Rigs

Jack up Move
 Jack-up

Platform
 Rig Personnel
 Client Personnel  Rig Personnel  Service Personnel
• Company Man • Tool Pusher • Mud Engineer
• Well-Site Geologist • Night Pusher • Pressure Engineer
• Mud Witness • Driller • Data Engineer
• Safety Advisor • Assistant Driller • Mudlogger
• Drilling Engineer • Derrick Man • MWD, LWD
• Floor Man • DD Engineer
(Rough-Neck) • Wire-Line Crew
• Restabouts • Cement Engineer
• Crane Operator • Fishing Engineer
• Mechanic • Gyro
• Electrician By: Mamdouh Mansour
 Who work on rig sites?
• Company man
• Operations (well site) geologist.
• Mud logger.
• Pressure engineer.
• Direction engineer.
• Gyro operators
• MWD/LWD engineer.
• Mud engineer.
• Wire line engineer.
• Cementing engineer.
• Fishing engineer.
• Liner casing setting engineer.
• Rig crew.
 Rig Hierarchy
(Land Rigs)
Company Man / Foreman

Toolpusher / Rig Manager

Driller Mechanic Electrician Safety Camp Boss

Officer /
Assistant Welder Crane operator Medic
Driller (AD) Cook

Forklift operator
Derrickman Kitchen helper
Roustabout
Roughneck Laundry man

Room boy
 Rig Hierarchy
(Offshore Rigs)
Company Man / Foreman

Offshore Installation Manager (OIM)

Toolpusher Barge Captain Safety Camp

Officer / Boss
Medic
Driller Mechanic Electrician Crane
operator Radio Cook
Assistant Asst Operator
Driller (AD) Mechanic / Deck
Electrician Foreman Catering
Motor man crew
Derrickman

Welder Roustabout Laundry

Pump man
man

Roughneck Painter Room boy

Rig operation  Well life cycle
• Seismic
• Drilling.
• Spudding……
• Coring.
• Drilling
• Directional Drilling & Survey.
• Running casing
• Tripping, Wash & Ream, Fishing.
• Cementing
• E- Logging.
• Perforating and
• Casing
Testing
• Cementing.
• Completion and
• Perforating &Testing.
Production
• Acidizing & Fracturing. • Plug and Abandon
Well Costs:
• Fixed Costs:
 Casing
 logging
 cementing,
 drill bits
 mobilization charges
 rig move.
• Daily Costs:
 contractor services
 rig time
 consumables.
Largest scope for cost savings
onshore offshore
• Preparation 5% 10 %
• Drilling 72 % 53 %
• Casing 14 % 20 %
• Evaluation 3% 8%
• Completion 6% 9%

The actual costs of well dependent

 Type of well.
 Well trajectory.
 Total depth.
 Subsurface environment.
 Type of operations.
 Infrastructure.
 Transport and logistics.
 Climate and geography.
Rig Components

Crown Platform

Rotary Hose
Mast Derrick

Standpipe
Monkey Board

Dog House
Drilling Line
Drill floor
Traveling Block

Engines Hook
Reserve pit

Shale Shaker

Mud Pits Sedimentary Rock

Strata
BOP
Mud Pumps Casing
Drill Pipe

Drill Bit
Let’s drill
1. Depth
2. ROP
3. WOB
4. RPM
5. Torque
6. Pressure
7. Flow In
8. Flow Out
9. Mud parameter
10. Gases
 Basic Component
Parts
of a Rotary Rig

1. Power System
2. Hoisting System
3. Rotary System
4. Fluid Circulation System
5. Well Control system
6.Blowout Prevention
1- Rig Power system

Most power consumed by:

hoisting
fluid circulation systems.

Fortunately, they are Not used at the same time!

 Typical power requirements:

1000 – 3000 hp
 Type: Steam engine (Old days)
Diesel & Gas engine (Now):
• Diesel-electric type (electric motors) SCR
• Direct-drive type (gears-chains)
 1 Crown Block

2 Deadline 2-Hoisting
3 Wireline System
Fast Line 4 5 Traveling Block

6 Pipe elevators

7 Deadline Anchor
Drawworks 11

9 6

9 Drum 8 Storage Reel

7
10 Drum Brake
 1. Travelling block & Hook
It consists of assembly of
sheaves were the fast line Travelling block
reeve.
It attaches the hook which it
turn attaches top drive and Hook

down hole pipes & tools. Drilling lines

2. Drilling Line
It is about a reeve steel elastic
wire over the crown sheaves
down to the travelling block.
Also called fast line and its Drilling lines

purpose is to move the

travelling block and every
component beneath up/down. Fast line
Travelling block
By: Mamdouh Mansour
3. Draw works
It is the drum containing Drilling line

& controlling the

movement of fast line,
and thus the travelling
block & all down hole
tools.

4. Crown Block Crown Sheaves

It is about assembly of Crown Block

sheaves where drilling

lines run over to the
travelling block. Mast
Drilling lines

By: Mamdouh Mansour

5. Top Drive Hook
Travelling Block

It is the used mechanism for

Go
faster drilling.

os
en
It rotates the drill pipes with

ec
k
Top Drive
out help of rotary table and
controlled via console by
Driller. Rotary Hose

6. Dead line Anchor

The drum over which the dead
line reeve.

By: Mamdouh Mansour

3-Rotating System
A hexagonal or square pipe is connected
to the topmost joint of the drill string. The
rotary table and kelly drive bushing impart
rotation to the drill string while allowing it
to be moved up or down.

As an alternative to the kelly and rotary table,

most modern rigs employ a Top Drive system for
rotating the drill string. A powerful electric or
hydraulic motor is suspended from the traveling
block.
Rotating with kelly

Swivel
Kelly

Kelly Bushing
K.B. Elevation
Rotary Table

Drill Pipe

Drill Collars

Bit
Rotating with Top Drive System

Top
driv
e

‘A’ frame

Guide
rails

Rig floor Drill pipe

 4-Circulating System
Desilter

Desander

Swivel
Stand
Mud tanks pipe Rotary
Shale
hose
Shaker

Kelly

Mud pumps Drilling floor

BOP
Its main purpose is to:
bring up the cuttings,
cool the bit. Casing
Mud Return
maintain hole stability, Drill pipe Clean mud

prevent formation fluids

Bit
from entering the wellbore.
Circulation System
Standpipe Swivel

Mud Rotary hose

pump
Kelly
Mud
Discharge
House Mud return
line
Chemical tank Drill pipe

Annulus

Shale
shaker
Drill Collar
Mud pit
Borehole
Shaleslide
Reserve
pit Bit
 Circulating System
Mud is prepared in the pits
Rig pumps circulates mud through:
Stand pipe
Rotary hose
Swivel
Kelly Or Top Drive
String
Bit
Annulus
Flow line
Shakers
Settling tanks/mud cleaners
Pits again
5- Blow-Out Preventers
Bell nipple

Cameron Flow line

Hydrill
Fill line
shaffer Annular
preventer
Pipe ram
Shear:pipes blind ram:empty

Koomy Kill line Choke

unit Drilling spool
Pipe ram
BOP riser
Emergency kill line Emergency choke
Casing head
Drilling Techniques

• Vertical drilling
• Directional drilling (deviated wells)
• Horizontal drilling
• Extended reach drilling
• Slim hole drilling
• Coiled tubing drilling (CTD)
Drillstring Components
Drillstring is made up of:

1. Drill pipe

2. Bottom Hole Assembly

• Why we need BHA?

• What if we put the bit

directly to the drill
pipes?
 Drilling String
Main Components:
i. Drill Pipe.

Drill Pipe Box

Tool Joint
Pin
Drill Pipe Pin

By: Mamdouh Mansour

ii. Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
1. Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
2. Drill Collar Drill Collars

3. Stabilizer & Reamers

4. Cross Over Sub
5. Bit
Stabilizer

Reamers

Sub

By: Mamdouh Mansour

Drillstring Components
• How can I connect two pipes of
different diameters?

• I need something called crossover

• It has a pin and a box (male/female)

• Crossover comes with a pin of a

different size than its box

• Crossovers are available in all sizes

Stabilizer
How the Stabilizers looks?
• Holds drill collars firmly centered in the hole
• One or more stabilizer is placed at various points
within the BHA near the bottom
• Blade type construction
• Drilling fluid can pass freely between the blades
while the outer edge of the blades contacts the
wall of the hole
• They do exactly as their name implies, they
provide stability to the hole direction
Drillstring Components

Function of Jars

• Jars are fitted into the drillstring and are used to

free stuck pipe

• Provide upward or downward jarring blows that

help free the string

• Use hydraulic or mechanical jarring mechanism

Bits
Responsible for cutting the formation by crushing &
shear action of the teeth

i. Rock Bits (roller cone bits):

• Tooth Bits (With cones / Teeth cut out of the
cone)
• Insert bits (With cones & Tungsten Carbide teeth
inserts)

ii. Fixed Cutters:

• PDC Bits (fixed cutters, no cones, Tungsten
Carbide teeth inserts)
• Diamond Bits (No cones / No teeth / Embedded
Diamonds on sides & bottom)

iii. Core Bits

 Bits
COMBINATION

K-Dome Cutters

CRUSH & GRIND

GOUGE & SCRAPE

 Mud System

A. Fresh Water Muds

B. Inhibited Muds
C. Water Base Emulsion
D. Oil Base & Synthetic Mud 5%

Advantages of oil base mud:-

1- protection of production horizon,
2- drill water sensitive formations; salt, clays..
3- allowing longer bit runs than water base mud
of the same weight.
4- less viscosity problems in deep hot holes.
Mud Rheology
Density
Gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
-Kilogram per liter (kg/l).
Rheology
((The laboratory measured mud parameters))
a-Funnel Viscosity (vis)
b-Plastic Viscosity (PV)
c- Yield Point (YP)
d- Gel strength
e- ph
f- Filtration
g- Alkalinity
h- Chloride Content
i- Calcium
Pressures Inside the hole
Pressure Relieved Area

Overburden Overburden

Forces: Fluids/Gases Forces: Fluids/Gases

– This pressure (HP) must be equal to both arrows.

Mud Storage
 Mud Tanks

Sand trap
Tank directly below the shakers.
Settling tank
Allows solids to settle out, not as efficiently like
desanders & desilters
Slug tanks
Relatively small tank for mixing slug
Suction tank
Tank directly connected to the pumps
Reserve Pit
Large pit dug out of the ground to throw waste
mud& runoff from the rig
Trip Tank
Small tank used to measure small pipe displacement while tripping
Reserve tank
Not part of the active system, used to hold excessive Mud
Here’s a picture of bit drilling the rock.

The drill string is turned at Drilling mud is

surface, which turns the bit pumped down the
at the bottom of the hole. inside of the drill pipe,
through jet nozzles in
the bit, and into the
“annulus”. This is the
space between the
sides of the hole and
The teeth on the drill bit the drill pipe.
grind the rock into
fragments, or “cuttings”.
The mud lifts the
cuttings and circulates
them back to surface
where they are
removed.
 Here’s a sequence showing how holes are drilled,
First, a large drill bit is used to Then, steel casing is run and
drill a short interval of hole. cemented on the outside to keep the
hole from collapsing.
0’

200’
 0’

Next,
a smaller bit is Then, this new
run inside the hole is also
first casing. cased off and
cemented.
This bit drills
out the bottom
of the casing,
and drills new
hole.
200’

500’
Again, a smaller
hole is drilled out,
and smaller
casing is run
to keep the
hole from
falling in.
• Lag Deinitions:
• Lag time is the time the mud takes to travel inside the hole between two
specified depth points.
• The time taken between the surface to the bottom of the hole is called
”lag down“or“Lag in”.
• The time taken between the bottom of the hole to the surface is called
”lag-up“ or “bottoms’up”.
• The surface to surface time is called “Complete cycle” or In/Out time.

1. The lag time and “sample at shakers” time:

• Meaning of lag
• Volume calculations
• Volume per unit length of annulus
• Annular sections
• Lag down and Lag up (bottom’s up)
• Use of full circulation
• Lag Correction
Let’s circulate…………
M=3.281 Foot
bbl= 42 gallon
Metal Displacement bbl=159 L
Capacity
Hole fill
𝟐 𝟐
( 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 )= 𝑶𝑫 − 𝑰𝑫 ∗ 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 …
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
Hole capacity =100 bbl
POP= 1 bbl/stroke
Stroke…………..?
Pump SPM >>>>100 stroke/Min
Time………..?

Lag  instrokes
Lag  inmin utes
PumpRate( spm)
Tripping
((Pulling out or running the string in hole ))
• Normal tripping.
• Tight Hole.
• Wash and Ream.
• Normal Drag.
• Overpull.
• Twist off.
• Stuck
• Fishing
 Mud Volume Monitoring
Calculated
Volume
Loss Or Gain?

Volume pumped
bbls
Loss Or Gain?

Number Of Stands Pulled

Casing
Function……….????

CONDUCTOR (DRIVE)
• 23” (conductor);
• 18 5/8” (surface casing ); SURFACE
• 13 3/8” (intermediate casing
• 9 5/8 “casing
• 7” liner INTERMEDIATE

PRODUCTION TUBING

LINER
A Casing String – Reminder!

Casing

Float Collar

Shoe Track

Float Shoe
 Cementing Calculations
We want to calculate:

• Slurry Volumes
• Sacks of cement required 13⅜
• Displacement Volume
inch 68ppf
5000 ft
• Estimated Job time
• Correct Plug bumping Pressure

9⅝
inch 47ppf

8500 ft
Directional drilling
• The deviated or horizontal wells will require more tech to
keep it in the right direction
• Chances of missing the target are more if the well deviates
from its path
• Why we need deviated holes?????
• Diagram of land and sea close to each other
• Land rig will be safer and cheaper than offshore rig, so we
can deviate the well from land
• Problems between countries, sucking oil
• MWD tools gives continuous reading of direction and
inclination but more expensive (Real-time)
• Directional Drilling Engineer

Vertical
Vertical Horizontal
Deviated
Deviated
 Why,,,,,,,,,,?
 Inaccessible location
 Sidetracking
 Multiple Wells from a
Single Structure
 Multiple Targets from a
Single Well
 Extended Reach
 Horizontal drilling
 Maintaining Verticality
 Directional Drilling
• I will need a compass
• Compass will go crazy due to magnetic
interference from the steel of the pipes
• I will not be able to read the earths magnetic
field.
• So I need something to protect tool from steel
magnetic interference. It should only read
earths magnetic field
• This is called Monel (or Monel DC)
Well Completion

– Completing the well & Setting Production Casing.

– Perforating production casing.
– Drill Stem Test (DST).
– Acidizing.
– Fracturing.
– Installing the Christmas Tree.
Stuck pipe

• Drilling string cannot be raised, lowered or rotate

• Mechanisms of stuck pipe
• Differential Stuck.
• Wellbore Geometry. Key Seat
• Hole packing off.
 Mechanical Stuck
Dogleg:
• Build up rate that’s too fast
• Measured in degrees of change per 100’ (30m)
Mechanical Stuck

Key seating:
1. Sharp change in angle
or direction in soft
formations
2. The friction between
the pipe and the lower
side of the well results
in depression.
3. While POOH the tool
joints, drill collars jam
into the slot
 Well Problems
Differential Stuck: Example of the wing of the aircraft.
• Highly porous formation creates an area of lower pressure in
the hole
• Sticking of pipe against a permeable formation as the result
of the high pressure of the mud in the hole exceeding the
bore fluid pressure
• Reduce the MW to reduce the HP above the stuck point
 Leakoff Test
Why we need Leakoff Test?

• What is leakoff test

• Drill 5-10’ after cementing the last casing
• Shut the well, keep pressurizing the well, build pressure
in the annulus until it starts dropping.
• Leak off damages the formation so we can do FIT
• If we break the formation while drilling, we can lower
the pump speed and/or pump LCM
 Well Problems
Loss of circulation:

• The formation breaks if HP exceeds the fracture pressure

(LOT) of the formation
• Results in loss of mud, loss of HP, results in a kick
• What is the relationship between
– Overburden pressure (Weight of overlying rocks)
– Formation pressure
– Hydrostatic pressure (Created by the column of mud)
– Fracture pressure (Pressure required to break the
formation)
Well Problems
Reasons Of Kick

1. Failure to Keep the Hole Full

2. Swabbing
3. Lost Circulation
4. Gas Cut Mud
5. Insufficient Mud Density
 Well Problems
Signs Of a Kick

1. Flow Rate Increase

2. Pit Volume Increase
3. Well Flowing with the Pumps Off
4. Pump Pressure Decrease due to
unbalancing of U Tube due to low
density of influx.
5. and Pump Stroke Increase
6. Improper Hole Fill on Trips
7. String Weight Change
8. Drilling Breaks
9. Changes in Mud Gas
 Well Problems
Dealing with a kick

• Keep watching the pits levels at all times

• Keep watching the flow out
• In case of suspected flow, stop drilling and make a flow
check?
• Shut the well, close the annulus
• Close bop
• Kill the well
• What happens when we close the well
• It will stop the flow of mud to the surface
• It will stop the influx
Well site geologist

• Describe cutting Sample

• Monitor Drilling operation
• Picking FM Tops, Coring &CSG points.
• Supervision Mud logging unit
• Daily reports
• Quick interpretation E-Log
• Composite logs
• Wittiness to Coring
 Collecting cuttings samples
This is important because:

1. A guide to where the well is in regards to

the cross section (which formation at which depth)
2. A complete record of formations drilled
throughout the well including fossil content
3. The kept samples can be re-examined in the
future should new techniques are developed

1. Lithology % distribution
2. Lithology interpretation
Sample Descriptions

1. Type of formation (Limestone, sandstone, shale…).

2. Colour.
3. Texture.
4. Cementing material.
5. Hardness.
6. Porosity.
7. Minor components (accessories).
8. Staining and fluorescence (oil shows).
 Sample Description

• Clastic Rocks:- Sand/sandstone/siltstone/clay/shale, etc.

• Color
• Grain size, sorting then grain shape
• Hardness
• Cement and/or matrix materials.
• Fossils and accessories
• Porosity and oil shows.

• Non-Clastic Rocks:- Evaporites/limestone/dolomite/chert, etc.

• Colour.
• Crystallinity
• hardness.
• Cement and/or matrix materials.
• Fossils and accessories.
• Porosity and oil shows.
Cutting Oil Shows Description
• Stain Shape
• Poor Uniform
• Fair Scattered
• Good Spotty
• No visible stain Streaked

• Color
• ( Dark-Md-Lt) Brn
• V Lt Brn- Brn Wh-Tnsh Wh.

• Fluorescence intensity Distribution

• Faint Uniform
• Dull Scattered
• Bright Spotty
• No Fluorescence Streaked Color
Pl Yel – Dull Yel- Gold Yel- Yel Wh
High Pressure
Low Pressure MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM – LAG TIME

Kelly or
Stand Pipe Top Drive

Flow Line Rotary Table

Shale Shakers
Sampling
(BOP)

Drilling Pumps

Drill String

Mud Pits Casing

Annulus

Drill Bit Open Hole

 SURFACE
Mud pumps:
volume / stroke
efficiency
Casing:
strokes / minute
shoe
OD
grade
LAG TMIE – Time from bottom to surface

Lag time = annular volume / flow

Drill pipes:
OD / weight
grade Flow = pump capacity x strokes per
minute x efficiency
Heavy weight:
OD / upsets
length Annular volume = hole volume – total
string displacement
Open hole:
diameter
Capacity
depth

Metal Displacement

Drill collars:
OD / ID
Annular
length
lin. weight

Total displacemet
BOTTOM (depth)