‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬

Start in the name

of Allah
Dewa Computer Center
What is Computer

 Definition: Computer is an electronic

device that stores, retrieves, and
processes data, and can be
programmed with instructions. A
computer is composed of hardware
and software, and can exist in a variety
of sizes and configurations.
Types of Computer
 There are many different types of computer -
used for many different jobs.
1. Mainframe/Super Computer
 Can be used by over 100 users at a time.
 High cost, speed and memory.
 Very big in size.
 Used in big organizations (WAPDA, State
Bank).
Mainframe/Super Computer
Mini Computer

 Can be used by over 50 users at a time.

 Low in cost, speed and memory than
Mainframe but higher than
Microcomputers.
 Medium in size.
 Used in medium organizations (banks,
universities)
Microcomputer

 Can be used by one user at a time.

 Low cost, speed and memory.
 Smallest in size.
 Used in small organizations (offices,
homes)
 Also called as Personal Computer (PC).
 Note: This course is designed for PC.
Microcomputer
History of Personal Computer

Processor Technology Processing Speed Company Model Year

Fixed Processor 4.7 MHz IBM XT 1981
Fixed Processor 10– 12 MHz IBM 286 1983
Fixed Processor 12 – 25 MHz IBM 386 1987
25 – 100 MHz IBM 486 1993
Removable Processor
Removable Processor 100 – 133 MHz IBM 586 1995
Removable Processor 90 – 233 MHz INTEL Pen 1 1995
Removable Processor 233 – 450 MHz INTEL Pen 2 1997
Removable Processor 450 MHz – 1.5 GHz INTEL Pen 3 1999
Removable Processor 1.5 GHz – 3.8 GHz INTEL Pen 4 2000
Hertz: The number of cycles per second in an event (such as an
electromagnetic wave); one Hz is equal to one cycle per second.
Fixed & Removable Processors

 Fixed Processor  Removable

Processor
 Such computers, which
have fixed processor in  Such computers, which
main-board from company have
side. removable/changeable
 Problem with such processor in main-board.
computers is that if any  Advantage of this
one of processor or main- technology is that if any
board got damaged we one of processor or main-
have to change both. board got damaged, we can
change the damaged one.
Motherboard
 The main circuit board in a computer.
The motherboard houses a variety of
microchips, sockets, and plugs, and
plays an integral part in connecting all of
a computer’s parts together.
 Gives data and power to all components.
We have two type Motherboards

1 .Built in MB: 2. Plain MB:

 Those MB, which have VGA,  Those MB, which do not have
Sound, LAN and Fax Modem VGA, Sound, LAN or Fax Modem
Card built in from company side, Card built in from company side.
either one, two, three or all of They are better in performance
them. than Built in MB.
Front Side BUS (BUS):
 Small tiny lines on backside of MB are known
as BUS.
 They are the routes, paths or ways on which
data is transferred from one component of MB
to another component.
BUS Speed

PC 400, PC 533, PC 800 PC 100, PC 133

P IV P I, II, III
Companies: Intel,Mercury,Asus
Assembling Different Parts of
Motherboard
 In this section we will only study way to
connect different parts of MB, we will study
those parts in detail in next chapter.
1. Processor
(Socket/Slot)
 Socket and Slot
 Socket: That processor which connects to
processor socket in MB, have cut to one side
also having one less pin to that cut side. We
connect cut side of processor to that side of
processor socket where one hole is less.
 Slot: That processor is in card shape, which
has one cut to its connection side. We connect
cut side of slot processor to processor slot in
such a way that cut side comes over divider
side of processor socket.
Socket and Slot
 Ram Slots

Those slots where we connect RAM to MB.

There are dividers on the RAM slots, and
cuts on RAM’s connector side, we connect
them in such way that cut side of RAM
comes over divider side of RAM Slots.
 Front Panel Led
Note: Those are main front options on casing, Green
light, Red light, Shut down and Restart Button
 Shut down (POWER SWITCH) button is used for ON/OFF the
computer.
 Restart button (RESET) is used to shut down computer and
restart it.
 Green light (POWER LED) is ON/Glows when computer is ON.
 Red light (HDD LED) glows/blinks when data is reading from
hard disk.
 PCI Slots
PCI :Is an extension slot on which we can connect
PCI VGA, Sound, LAN, and Fax Modem Cards.
PCI is a new technology of extension slots;
previously ISA slots were in use, which are still
in use in old
Hard Disk Data Connectors
(1) Hard disk/CD ROM data Connectors
Two 39/40 Pins data connectors over motherboard
known as IDE 1 (Primary) and IDE 2 (Secondary).
We identify Pin 1 of IDE 1 and IDE 2 by looking
closely to data connectors, there may be written Pin
1 near corner of IDE 1 and IDE 2 or ‘1’ or ‘’ sign
which shows the Pin 1 of the data connectors. After
finding out Pin 1 of data connectors we connect data
cable to data connectors in such a way that color
side of data cable comes over Pin 1 of data
connector.
Floppy Disk Data Connectors

34 Pins data connector. Same

procedure for finding Pin 1, connecting
data cable to floppy drive as hard
disk/CD ROM data connectors. Cut
side of data cable should be connected
to Floppy drive.
 Power Connectors
We have two types of power supply technologies.
AT & ATX.
ATX Technology AT Technology
20
holes for power.  12 Pins for power on
Shut down automatically. motherboard.
Used in P II, III, and IV systems.  Need to press shut down
In
button in order to off the
P IV there are 4 extra holes for
system.
power.
 This technology was used in P
I, II systems.
System Controlling Chip (Main Chip)

Big size chip over motherboard from

where all buses are emerged. Used for
controlling data over the motherboard.
Works like a traffic police, shows paths
to data over the motherboard.
 Supporting Chip

Helps main chip in controlling data,

does the same work as main chip and it
is in action when main chip is busy.
 Capacitors

Round blocks over motherboard, which

are used for storing charge. It gives
power in form of jerk in order to start
the system.
 BIOS Chip

Basic Input Output System (BIOS)

holds necessary information about
system, date time and password. (We
will study BIOS in detail in next
chapter).
 Battery Cell

Gives charge to BIOS when computer

is OFF, keep charge BIOS in order to
keep information like date, time
password in time when computer is
OFF.
 Transistors

Small tiny chips over motherboard (mostly

having 3 legs) used for different operations
over motherboard (data storing, controlling,
transferring).
 Coils
 Used for controlling power over the motherboard.
 Step-up: Gives more power to some components.
 Step-down: Gives less power to some components..
 Speaker

Gives a beep sound when all

components of motherboard are
connected according to its position,
gives no sound or beep more than once
when components are not connected
properly.
 FAN Connectors

 Gives power to processor fan or any

fan on the motherboard.
Picture of Mother Board
 PROCESSOR
 Performs and controls all operation of computer.
 Brain of any computer.
 Performs all calculations, arithmetic (+, -, *, /),
logical comparisons (>, <, >=, <=).
 PROCESSOR
The largest processor manufacture company is INTEL, which
produces two types of processors.

Intel Celeron Intel Original

Identification: Intel Celeron is Identification:Intel Pentium is
written on backside of written on backside of
processor. processor.
Processing Speed: 300 MHz to Processing Speed: 4.7 MHz to
3.6 GHz. 3.8 GHz.
Bus speed: PC 100, PC 133, Bus speed: PC 100, PC 133, PC
and PC 400. 400, PC 533, and PC 800.
Used in small organizations Used in professional
(homes, offices). environment (programmers)
Low speed, cost. 
High speed, cost.
 PROCESSOR

Another processor manufacturing

company is AMD (Advance Micro
Device), which produces two types of
processors. Athlon and Duron, Athlon
works like Intel original and Duron
works like Intel Celeron. AMD
processors are better in performance
than Intel processors but problem with
AMD processor is that it gets heat up
very quickly.
 RAM
 Random Access Memory (RAM) is a primary storage device;
means data is first stored in RAM.
 Data accessing speed is fast as it accesses the data randomly.
 Stores data temporarily.
 Stores data as long as power is supplied to it, when we shut
down computer, data stored in it is lost or washed out.
 Also known as temporary or volatile memory.
Types of Ram According to Slots

1. SDR 2 .DDR

Capacity/Range: 32 MB to 1.0 GB
Companies: Kingston, GST, HTL
Types of Ram According to Pins

1. Double Inline Memory Module 2. Double Data Resource

 168 Pins, 84 on each side.  184 Pins, 92 on
 Bus Speed: PC 100, PC 133. each side.
 Used in P II, III, some and P  Bus Speed: PC
IV. 266, PC 400.
 Used only in P IV.

Capacity/Range: 32 MB to 1.0 GB

Companies: Kingston, GST, HTL

 VGA Card
Video Graphical Adapter
 Converts computer data into display data.
 Which gives display to the monitor.
Structure
 15 Holes, 3 lines (5 in each line)
 Blue color, D shaped

Types
Built in/AGP
 VGA Card
1. PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect)
2. AGP (Accelerated Graphics
Program) card VGA is better in
display but higher in price; it
connects to special slot known as
AGP slot. Capacity/Range

2 MB – 128 MB
 VGA Card

(Built in VGA shares this memory from RAM

where as PCI/AGP card does not share, it has
own memory to use, so PCI/AGP card VGA is
better than built in VGA.)

Companies:Intel,Sis,S3
 Sound Card (Audio card)
 Converts computer data into sound data.
 Through which we receive sound from computer.

Structure
Three ports
 Speaker (Green Color) out, through which we receive
sound.
 MIC (Pink Color), through which we record our sound to
computer.
 Line In (Blue Color), through which we can connect
external sound system.
 Game Port:
 Sound Card (Audio card)
 15 Holes, 2 lines, (Yellow color), through which we
connect games joy stick and its not coming in P IV, P IV
uses USB port for connecting games joy sticks.

Types
Built in
PCI/ISA

Companies:Creative,Sigma Tel,Sound Max

 Speakers
 Through which we receive sound
 Normal (Use in homes, offices)
 Woofers (Use in big halls) good
quality sound and higher in price.
 Power: 80 – 200 Watt

Companies:Zoltrix,Multimedia, A4tech
 Power Supply
 Supplies power to all parts of computer (Motherboard,
Monitor, Hard disk, CD ROM, Floppy Disk Drive)
Types
 AT: 12 Pins, Power to motherboard.
 ATX: 20 Holes for Power to motherboard.
 (In P IV power supply there are 4 extra holes for power
apart from 20 holes main power).

Companies:Mercury,Infinity, A4tech
 Casing
 Box where motherboard, hard disk, CD ROM,
floppy drive and power supply is placed.
Types
 Desktop (Desk type shape) monitor is placed over CPU.
 Mini Tower (2 Bays)
 Midi Tower (More than 2 Bays)
 (Bay is that place where CD ROM is placed)

Companies:Mercury,Infinity, A4tech
Monitor (Visual Display Unit VDU)

 It’s an output device, through which we get the result on screen

Types
 Analog (Having revolving buttons
for changing color, brightness,
screen area)
 Digital (We can set color, brightness,
screen area by digital values)
 Categories
 Super VGA: High Resolution 768 * 1024 Pixels

 Enhanced VGA: High Resolution 1024 * 1028 Pixels

 (Pixel is the smallest screen area part).

 Size: 12” inch – 36” inch

Companies: View Sonic,Philips,Sumsing

 Hard Disk
 Secondary storage device.
 Stores data permanently
Types
 IDE (Integrated Dual Channel Enhanced)
Structure:
 39/40 data pins, 6/8/10 pins (jumper), 4 pins (power)
 SCSI (Small Computer System Interchange)
 Connects to special PCI card known as PCI
SCSI card, which connects to PCI slot.
 Hard Disk
Structure
 50 pins. (Their data cables have 50 holes, which are bigger in
size than normal data cable).
 Pin 1 of hard disk is normally directed towards power pins, so
we connect color side of data cable towards power pins side.

Capacity/Range
MB – 200 GB 20

Companies: Seagate,Maxter,Westen Digital

 Floppy Disk Drive
 Floppy disk is used for transferring small data from one
computer to another computer.
Structure:
 34 data pins, 4 pins Power
 Connect color side of data cable to Pin 1, which is
normally towards power pins side.
 Size: 3.5” inch
 Capacity

MB 1.44
MB 2.88
.MB is normally used 1.44

Companies: Sony,Samsung,Alips
 CD-ROM
 We can install different types of software.
 System software like operating systems (Windows 98, Windows XP, Linux,
Unix), drivers
 Application software like MS-OFFICE, Flash, Coral Draw, Adobe Photoshop etc.
 We can watch movies, songs and documentaries.
 We can transfer data from one computer to another computer.
Structure:
 39/40 data pins, 6/8/10 pins (jumper), 4 pins (power)
 Types
1. Read Only:
 Can read only, used for installations and most commonly
used.
 With passage of time and usage its lens become weak.
 Speed: 4x – 60x
 x = 150 B/Sec
 Types
1. DVD
 Can read only; better in display and
higher in price than Read Only.
 With passage of time and usage its
lens do not become weak and
supports high graphics.
Speed: 12x – 24x
 Types
1. CD Writer
 Can read also write, used for
installations and writing data on CD.
 With passage of time and usage its lens
become weak.
Speed: 52x – 24x – 52x
Reading rewriting writing
 Types
1. Combo Drive
 Can read, write and support high quality
graphics, combination of DVD and CD Writer.
 Has powerful lens and with passage of time
and usage its lens do not become weak.
 Types
1. Supper Drive
 Can read CD, DVD, write and support high
quality graphics, combination of DVD Writer
and CD Writer.
 Has powerful lens and with passage of time
and usage its lens do not become weak.

Companies
Asus,Sony,Mercury,Sumsing
 ‫واحد اندازه گیری حافظه‬
‫کوچکترین عنصر ذخیره شده در‬ ‫تعریف‬ ‫عالمه‬ ‫واحد‬
‫حافظه کمپیوتر عبارت ار صفر و‬ ‫صفر یا یک‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪Bit‬بت‬
‫یا یک میباشد که بنام بت‪ Bit‬یاد‬
‫‪8‬بت‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪ Byte‬بایت‬
‫میشود‪ .‬کلمه ‪ Bit‬مختصر‬
‫‪ Binary Digit‬یعنی رقم باینری‬ ‫بایت ‪1024‬‬ ‫‪KB‬‬ ‫‪Kilo byte‬کیلو بایت‬
‫میباشد‪ .‬مجموعه هشت بیت‬ ‫‪ 1024‬کیلو‬ ‫‪Mega Byte‬میگا بایت ‪MB‬‬
‫میتواند یک حرف را تمثیل نماید‬ ‫بایت‬
‫و بنام بایت ‪ Byte‬یاد میشود‪ .‬پس‬ ‫‪1024‬میگا‬ ‫‪GB‬‬ ‫‪Giga Byte‬گیگابایت‬
‫واحد قیاسی برای انداره گیری‬ ‫بایت‬
‫اطالعات ذخیره شده در حافظه‬
‫کمپیوتر ‪Byte‬است‪.‬‬ ‫‪1024‬‬ ‫‪TB‬‬ ‫‪Tara Byte‬ترابایت‬
‫گیگابایت‬
‫‪1024‬‬ ‫‪PB‬‬ ‫‪ Peta Byte‬پتا بایت‬
‫ترابایت‬
‫‪ 1024 EB‬پتابایت‬ ‫‪ Exa Byte‬اکزابایت‬
keyboard
.Keyboard is an essential input device 
.Data can be typed into computer from a keyboard 
Keyboard button is divided in to Five categories 
Standard typewriter keys (A-Z) .1
Function Keys (F1 – F12) .2
Special Purpose keys (Ctrl,Alt,Del and Ins) .3
Cursor movement keys (Right,left,Up,Down,P Up…) .4
Numeric keys (1 – 2) .5
keyboard
Keyboard regarding to its port is divided into four 
.types
PS/2 .1
Serial Port .2
USB Port .3
Laser Port .4
Mouse
A mouse is a hand held input device connected to 
.computer by a small cable
The mouse has three buttons, but the left one is 
.used commonly
In particularly a mouse button often used to click on 
.an icon
.The left button is called Primary button 
.The right button is called Secondary button 
.The middle button is called scroll button 
Mouse
.Mouse regarding to its port is divided into four types 
PS/2 .1
Serial Port .2
USB Port .3
Laser Port .4
Printer
Printer is an output device which presents the 
information that has been recorded in an tangible
medium (Generally prints the information on a
paper)
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, a Scanner works very 
much like a photocopier, but a scanner transfer the
information into computer, not onto another peace of
.a paper
A scanner converts a drawing, a picture, or any 
document into computer by shining a light in
.scanner