IE CERTIFICATION

REVIEW:
ERGONOMICS
PREPARED: ENGR. GILBERT M. CALOSA, MSIE,CIE,
AAE
 Ergonomics
• derived from the Greek words ergos (work) and nomos (laws).
• the science of fitting the task or workplace to the abilities and
limitations of the human operator.
• Ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks,
jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make
them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of
people.

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 • Physical Ergonomics - It appropriates work posture, safe load
lifting and carrying techniques and adapts proper techniques in
manual material handling.

• Cognitive Ergonomics - Concerned with the capabilities of the

human brain and sensory system while performing information
processing activities.

• Organizational ergonomics - concerned with the optimization of

sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures,
policies, and processes.
IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE
 Metabolism
• Metabolism
- Sum of biochemical reactions that occur in the cells of
living organisms.

Functions:

1. Provide energy for vital processes and

activities including muscle contraction
2. Assimilate new organic material into the body

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Metabolism

Types of Metabolism:
• Basal Metabolism – energy used only to sustain
vital circulatory and respiratory functions.
• Activity Metabolism – energy associated with physical activity
• Digestive Metabolism – energy used for digestion

Daily Metabolic rates:

TMRd = BMRd + AMRd + DMRd

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Metabolism
• Energy Expenditure Rate
The energy expenditure rates are assumed to be for a
person who weighs 72 kg (160 lb).

If a person’s weight differs from 72 kg (160 lb), then

an adjustment should be made by ER value by the ratio:

- W/72 if the weight given is in kg

- W/160 if the weight is given in lb
where W = the person’s body weight

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Metabolism
• Basal Metabolism Rate (BMR)

Hourly Basal Metabolism Rates (BMRh):

• For a 20-year-old male, BMRh/kg = 1.0 kcal/hr per kg of body

weight
• For a 20-year-old-female, BMRh/kg = 0.9 kcal/hr per kg of
body
weight

As a person ages his or her basal metabolism rates declines slowly, so

the age correction is simply subtract 2% from the preceding values for
each decade above 20 years (we ignore people significantly younger
than 20 because they are not in the workforce)
IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE
 Metabolism
Basal Metabolism Rate (Example):
Determine the daily basal metabolism rate for a 35-
year-old woman who weighs 130 lb.

a. 1328 kcal/day c. 1832 kcal/day

b. 1238 kcal/day d. 1823 kcal/day

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Metabolism
Basal Metabolism Rate (Solution):
The hourly basal metabolism rate must be adjusted
for the woman’s age. Given that she is 1.5 decades
older than 20 years, the age correction is 1.5(0.02) =
0.03

The adjusted BMRh/kg value is equal to 0.9(1-0.030)

= 0.873 kcal/hr per kg
IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE
 Metabolism
Basal Metabolism Rate (Solution):
Her weight of 130 lb must be converted to
kilograms using the equivalency that 1 kg = 2.2lbs.
Thus, her weight = 59.09 kg.

For 24 hours a day,

BMRd = 0.873(59.09)(24) = 1238 kcal per day

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Metabolism
• Daily Digestive Metabolism
The daily rate of digestive metabolism is estimated to about 10%
of the combined rate of the basal and activity metabolism.
DMRd = 0.1(BMRd + AMRd)

Where:
DMRd = daily digestive metabolism rate
BMRd = daily basal metabolism rate
AMRd = daily activity metabolism rate
IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE
 Metabolism
Daily Total Metabolism Rate (Example):
A worker is 40 years old and weighs 160 lb. He sleeps 8 hrs each
night during which time his average energy expenditure rate is
assumed to be at the basal metabolic rate. The physical requirements
for his job result to an average expenditure rate of 4 kcal/min over the
8 hour shift. During his non working, non sleeping activity his activity
results in an energy expenditure rate that average 1.7 kcal/min. His
digestive metabolism is assume to be 10 % of the total of his basal and
activity metabolic rates over 24 hour period of the day. What is his
daily total metabolic rate?
a. 3526 kcal/day c. 3625 kcal/day
b. 5236 kcal/day d. 2635 kcal/day

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Metabolism
Daily Total Metabolism Rate (Solution):
BMRh/kg = 1.0(1-2(0.02)) = 0.96 kcal/hr/kg
BMRm = 0.96(160/2.20)/60 = 1.164 kcal/min

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Energy Expenditure

Recommended Energy Expenditure

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Energy Expenditure
Time-Weighted Average Energy Expenditure:

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Energy Expenditure
TWA Energy Expenditure (Example):
A male worker performs a repetitive task that requires an
energy expenditure rate of 7.5 kcal/min for 4.0 hours. Each hour,
he works 40 minutes and takes a 20-min rest break. During the
rest breaks, his energy expenditure rate is estimated to be 1.5
kcal/min. Determine the time-weighted average energy
expenditure.

a. 2.5 kcal per min c. 4.5 kcal per min

b. 3.5 kcal per min d. 5.5 kcal per min

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Energy Expenditure
TWA Energy Expenditure (Solution):

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Energy Expenditure
Rest Period

- If the overall workload is exceedingly high (i.e., exceeds the

recommended limits), aerobic metabolism may not be
sufficient to provide all the energy requirements, and the
worker may rely on greater amounts of anaerobic
metabolism, resulting in fatigue and the buildup of lactic acid.
- Sufficient recovery must then be provided to allow the body
to recover from fatigue and recycle the lactic acid.

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Energy Expenditure
Rest Period

- One guideline for rest allocation was developed by Murrell:

Where:
R = time required for rest, as percent of total time
W = average energy expenditure during work, kcal/min

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Energy Expenditure
Rest Period (Example):
A male worker performs a task during the four hours of the
morning that has an energy expenditure rate of 6.0 kcal/min.
Determine how much of this four hour work period should be
allowed for rest breaks:

a. 34.44 min c. 23.44 min

b. 45.44 min d. 12.44 min

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 NIOSH Lifting Guidelines

Recognizing and attempting to control the growing

problem of work-related back injuries, the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
issued what is commonly referred to as the NIOSH
lifting guidelines.

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 NIOSH Lifting Guidelines
Recommended Weight Limit (RWL)
⁻ based on the concept of an optimum weight, with
adjustments for various factors related to task variables.
⁻ Once the RWL is exceeded, musculoskeletal injury
incidences and severity rates increase considerably.
⁻ The formulation for RWL is based on a maximum load that
can be handled in an optimum posture.
⁻ As the posture deviates from the optimum, adjustments
for various task factors, in the form of multipliers, decrease
the acceptable load.

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 NIOSH Lifting Guidelines
Recommended Weight Limit (RWL)
RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x FM x AM x CM
Where:
LC is the load constant, 51 lb (23 kg)
HM, the "Horizontal Multiplier" factor,
VM, the "Vertical Multiplier" factor,
DM, the "Distance Multiplier" factor,
FM, the "Frequency Multiplier" factor,
AM, the "Asymmetric Multiplier“
factor, and
CM, the "Coupling Multiplier" factor.
IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE
 NIOSH Lifting Guidelines

NIOSH also devised a lifting index (LI) to provide a

simple estimate of the hazard level of lifting a given
load, with values exceeding 1.0 deemed to be
hazardous.

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Energy Expenditure
RWL (Example):
Determine the Recommended Weight Limit for the task:

a. 16.11 kg c. 26.11 kg
b. 11.16 kg d. 22.16 kg
VISUAL ENVIRONMENT AND LIGHTING

• Illuminance or Illumination is the amount of light shining on a surface. It is

the amount of luminous flux per unit area of the surface. It is measured in
lux <lx> Conversion: 1cd=12.566lm 1lx=1lm per sq.m.

F: light flux <lm>

I: source intensity <cd>

E: illuminance <lx>
F: luminous flux <lm> Confid
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VISUAL ENVIRONMENT AND LIGHTING

• Angle of incidence
- Illuminance decreases as the light source increases
- The reduction is proportional to the square of the distance, as
expressed in the following:

E: illuminance <lx>
I: luminous intensity <cd>
d: distance of surface from light source <m>
* If distance is <ft>, unit of E becomes <fc> Confid
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VISUAL ENVIRONMENT AND LIGHTING

• Angle of Incidence
- If angle is not perpendicular, illuminance must take the angle of incidence
into account

E: illuminance <lx>
I: luminous intensity <cd>
d: distance of surface from light source <m>

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VISUAL ENVIRONMENT AND LIGHTING

• Luminance
- is the amount of light reflected from the surface
- depends on both the amount of light shining on the surface and the color
and texture of the surface

𝑳𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑳𝒎𝒊𝒏
E: illuminance <lx> 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒕=
𝑳𝒎𝒂𝒙
R: reflectance
𝑳𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒕
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆=𝟎 . 𝟗×
𝑳𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 Confid
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TYPICAL REFLECTANCE VALUE

Object Reflectance
Mirrored glass 0.80 – 0.90
White matte paint 0.75 – 0.90
Aluminum paint 0.60 – 0.70
Black painted object 0.03 – 0.05
Color
White 0.85
Light green 0.65
Medium blue 0.35
Confid

Dark blue 0.08 ential

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Units of measurements

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 Work Environment Design
• Illumination
- The basic theory of illumination applies to a point
source of light of a given luminous intensity.
- Light emanates spherically in all directions from the
source with 1candela (cd) sources emitting
12.57 lumens (lm) (as determined from the surface
area of a sphere).
- The amount of light striking a surface, or a section of
this sphere, is termed illumination or illuminance
and is measured in foot-candles (fc).

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• The amount of illumination striking a surface drops
off as the square of the distance (d) in feet from the
source to the surface:

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Luminance
⁻ Some of that light is absorbed and some of it is reflected.
⁻ The amount reflected is termed as luminance and is
measured in foot-lamberts (fL).
⁻ It is determined by the reflective properties of the surface
known as reflectance:

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
Luminance (Example):
What is the luminance of a surface having 50% reflectance
and a 4 foot candle illumination?

a. 1 fL c. 3 fL
b. 2 fL d. 4 fL

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Reflectance
- is a unitless proportion and ranges from 0 to 100 percent.
-High quality white paper has a reflectance of about 90
percent, newsprint and concrete around 55 percent, cardboard 30
percent, and matte black paint 5 percent.
-Reflectance is usually calculated as the ratio between
the luminance of the target surface and the luminance of a
standard surface of known reflectance placed at the same
position on the target surface

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Visibility
- refers to the clarity with which the human sees something.
- has 3 critical factors: visual angle, contrast, and illuminance.
• Visual Angle
- the angle subtended at the eye by the target
- is usually defined in arc minutes (1/60 of a degree) for small
targets by

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
Visual Angle (Example):
An individual capable of detecting a small object that is 20
mm high at a distance of 35m. Determine the visual angle
subtended by the object.

a. 1.96 c. 6.91
b. 6.19 d. 1.69

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Contrast
- the difference in luminance between a visual target and its
background

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
Contrast (Example):
What is the contrast created by
black text (reflectance = 10%) on white paper
(reflectance = 90%)?
a. 0.98 c. 0.68
b. 0.86 d. 0.89

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Light Source and Distribution

Two important parameters related to artificial lighting:

1. Efficiency – light output per unit energy (lm / w or lumens

per watt)
2. Color rendering – relates to the closeness with which the
perceived colors of the object observed match the
perceived colors of the same object when illuminated
by standard light sources.

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Glare – the excessive brightness in the field of vision.

Direct glare can be reduced by:

1. Using more luminaires with lower intensities
2. Using baffles or diffusers on luminaires
3. Placing the work surface perpendicular to the light source
4.Increasingoverall background lighting to decrease the
contrast

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
Reflected glare can be reduced by:

1. Using non-glossy or matte surfaces

2.Reorienting the work surface or task in addition to
modifications for direct glare

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Color – visual effect caused by the eye’s ability to
react
differently to different wavelengths of light.

Color is used to:

1. Reduce sharp contrasts
2. Increase reflectance
3. Highlight hazards
4. Call attention to features

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Color

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Noise

⁻ Sound waves are produced from the vibration of some object or

when matter is disturbed.
⁻ The velocity of sound waves in air is approximately 1,100 ft/s (340
m/s).
⁻ Sound can be defined in terms of the frequencies that determine
its tone and quality, along with the amplitudes that determine its
intensity.
⁻ The level of frequency that is audible to the human ear is 20 to
20,000 cycles per second or hertz (Hz)

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Noise

⁻ The fundamental equation of wave propagation is

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

SOUND INTENSITY

• The logarithmic measure of sound intensity is called sound pressure level

(SPL), expressed in units of decibels (dB):

Where Ps = sound pressure from the source SOUND INTENSITY LEVELS

Threshold of hearing 0dB
Pr = the reference sound pressure
Soft whispering at 1 m (3 ft) 20dB
Library environment 40dB
Note: the intensity of a sound wave varies inversely Room air conditioner at 3 m (10 ft) 60dB
as the square of the distance from the source
Talking at 15 cm (6 in) 80dB
Powered lawnmower at 1 m (3 ft) 100dB Confid

Jet engine at 60 m (200 ft) ential

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140dB
• Example
Find the decibel reading corresponding to a pressure amplitude P = 0.2 N/m 2.
considering Pr= 2x 10-5
𝑃𝑠
𝑆𝑃𝐿= 20 log ⁡10 ( )
𝑃𝑟
Using the definition for SPL we begin with the term in brackets on the right hand side of the
equation by dividing Ps by Pr.

Ps /Pr = 0.2/2x 10-5 = 10,000

Next we take the log of this value

log(10,000) = 4

and multiply by 20 to get SPL

SPL=20 x 4 = 80 dB.
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• Find the pressure amplitude corresponding to a decibel reading of 35 dB.
In this case we know the left-hand side of the equation and as we know the value of
Pr=2 x 10-5
𝑃𝑠
𝑆𝑃𝐿= 20 log ⁡10 ( )
𝑃𝑟

35dB = 20log(Ps / 2x10-5)

To get P we first divide both sides by 20 to get

1.75 = log(Ps / 2x10-5)

101.75 = (Ps / 2x10-5)

Ps =101.75 (2x10-5)

Final answer 1.12x10-3 N/m2

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 Work Environment Design
• Decibel Scale (dB) – the logarithmic ratio of the actual sound
intensity at the threshold of hearing of a young person.

The sound pressure level L in decibels is given by

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
Since sound pressure levels are logarithmic quantities, the
effect of the coexistence of two or more sound sources in one
location requires that a logarithmic addition be performed as
follows:

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
Total Noise (Example):
What the combined noise level of two sounds of 86 and 96
decibels?

a. 106.94 dB c. 96.4 dB
b. 109.64 dB d. 94.6 dB

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Noise Dose
– OSHA uses the concept of noise dose, with the exposure to any
sound level above 80 dBA causing the listener to incur a partial
dose.
- If the total daily exposure consists of several partial exposures to
different noise levels, then the several partial doses are added to
obtain a combined exposure:

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Permissible Noise Exposures

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
Noise Dose (Example):
A worker is exposed to 95 dBA for 3 h and to 90 dBA for 5 h.
What is the total noise dose?

a. 173.5 c. 153.7
b. 137.5 d. 95.73

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
A computational formula can be used for intermediate noise
levels:

The noise dose can also be converted to an 8-h time-weighted

average (TWA) sound level. This is the sound level that would
produce a given noise dose if a worker were exposed to that sound
level continuously over an 8-h workday.

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

• Sample Problem 14: During a given work shift of 8 hrs, a worker is exposed
to two consisting sources of noise for 3 hours, one at 87 dB and one at 89
dB. For the remaining 5 hours, he is exposed to one noise source of 91 dB.
Determine whether this exposure level exceeds the OSHA permissible noise
exposure.
𝟖
For 3 hrs: 87dB and 89dB
𝑻𝒏 = 𝑳 − 𝟗𝟎
( )
For 5 hrs: 91dB 𝟐 𝟑

L3= 10log10 (+ ) 𝟖
𝑻 𝟑= 6.85 hours
L3= 10log10 ( + ) =91.12dB (
𝟗𝟏 .𝟏𝟐 −𝟗𝟎
)
𝟐 𝟓
L5= 91dB
𝟖
𝑻 𝟓= 6.96
𝟗𝟏 − 𝟗𝟎 hours
( )
𝟐 𝟓
𝐷 = ( + ) = 𝟏 . 𝟏𝟓 > 1.00

Therefore exceeds OSHA permissible noise exposure Confid

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 Work Environment Design
If earplug is considered or used, its effectiveness is measured
quantitatively by a noise reduction rating (NRR). Thus, the
equivalent noise exposure for the listener is equal to

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• Vibration
- Vibration is the rapid to-and-fro motion of the particles of an
elastic body or medium that produces sound.
- Frequency, amplitude, velocity and acceleration are
the
parameters of vibration.

3 Classifications of vibration:
1. Whole or a major portion of body is affected
2. Vibrations are transmitted through a supporting area
3. Vibrations are applied to a localized body area
IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE
 Work Environment Design
• Vibration

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
• The most commonly used index in industry today establishes
heat exposure limits and work/rest cycles based on the
wet- bulb globe temperature, or WBGT:

For outdoors with solar panels

WBGT = 0.7 NWB + 0.2GT + 0.1DB

For indoors or outdoors with no solar panels

WBGT = 0.7NWB + 0.3GT

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
Where:
• NWB = natural wet-bulb temperature (measure of
evaporative cooling, using a thermometer with a wet
wick and natural air movement)
• GT = globe temperature (measure of radiative load,
using a thermometer in a 6-in-diameter black copper
sphere)
• DB = Dry-bulb temperature (basic ambient
temperature; thermometer shielded from radiation)

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 Work Environment Design
WBGT (Example):
What is the WBGT with a dry-bulb temperature of 80⁰F, a
wet-bulb temperature of 70⁰F, and a globe temperature of 100⁰F
assuming the outdoor conditions with the solar load?

a. 88 ⁰F c. 66 ⁰F
b. 77 ⁰F d. 99 ⁰F

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

INFORMATION THEORY

• This can be expressed as:

H  log2 n
H is the amount of information
n is the number of equally likely alternatives
• When alternatives are not equally likely, the information conveyed is
determined by:

Pi is the probability of ith event

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INFORMATION THEORY

• The maximum amount of information is obtained when probabilities are

equally likely
• Redundancy is the reduction of information from the maximum possible due
to unequal probabilities of occurrence. It can be expressed as:

• Bandwidth or channel capacity is the maximum information processing

speed of a given communication channel

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Sample Problem 8: What is the amount of information in a set of 8 signal
lights if each light has an equal probability pf occurrence?

H = log2n = log2(8) = 3 bits

Sample Problem 9: The probabilities of the lights are changes as shown in the
table. Calculate the amount of information.

= 0.875 + 0.5 + 0.481 + 0.734 + 0.216 Confid

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 SOLVED PROBLEMS

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 1. A frequency of 2,000 Hz would have
approximately what wavelength in meters?

a. 0.50 ft c. 0.60 ft
b. 0.55 ft d. 0.75 ft

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 2. What is the illumination on a surface 12 inches
from a 3 candela source and a reflectance of 20%?

a. 0.6 fc c. 2.4 fc
b. 0.02 fc d. 3 fc

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 3. Given: 27-year old woman who weighs 52 kg.
Determine the daily basal metabolism rate per
minute.

a. 0.75 kcal per min c. 0.79 kcal per min

b. 0.77 kcal per min d. 0.81 kcal per min

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 4. Given: 35-year-old and 130 lb woman
Activities:
 Sleeps 8 hours
 Walks to and from work for 1 hour at 4.5 km/hr = 4
kcal/min
 Stands for 2 hours = 2.2 kcal/min
 Perform soldering work of 2.7 kcal/min for 6 hours while
seated
Watches TV and rests for 7 hr = 1.5 kcal/min
Determine her total metabolic rate for 24-hours period.
a. 2,303 kcal c. 2,330 kcal
b. 3,203 kcal d. 3,320 kcal
IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE
 5. A male worker starts his shift at 8:00 AM. He works at a
machine for 110 mins during the morning, takes a 20 min break before
working another 110 min and then breaks for lunch. The lunch period
is 30 mins. His afternoon routine is the same. He works for 110
mins, takes a 20-min break and complete his shift working until 4:30
PM. During the work periods, his energy expenditure rate is 6.5
kcal/min. During the rest breaks, his energy expenditure rate is 1.5
kcal/min. Compute the weighted average energy expenditure rate.

a. 8.603 kcal per min c. 6.083 kcal per min

b. 2.168 kcal per min d. 3.086 kcal per min

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 6. In the previous problem, what is the appropriate
amount of rest time during the 4-hour morning and
afternoon work periods?

a. 38.02 min c. 28.03 min

b. 20.38 min d. 23.08 min

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 7. A person with normal vision has the visual
acuity of 1.0. What is the size of the smallest
feature that can distinguished by this person at the
distance of 100 yards?

a. 1.05 in c. 2.14 in
b. 5.01 in d. 4.12 in

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 8. During a given work shift of 8 hours, a worker is
exposed to two consisting sources of noise for five
hours, one at 85 dBA and the other at 88 dBA. For the
remaining 3 hours, he is exposed to one noise source of
92 dBA. Determine the total noise.

a. 98.76 dBA c. 76.89 dBA

b. 67.89 dBA d. 89.76 dBA

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE

 9. In the previous problem, determine the total
noise dose.

a. 110.45% c. 102.85%
b. 98.74 % d. 107.54%

IE Certification Review: Ergonomics by Engr. Gilbert M. Calosa, MSIE, CIE, AAE