Scribd
Upload
41 views37 pages

1 Atomic Structure and Bonding

The document provides information on atomic structure and bonding. It defines the three main types of subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, and electrons. It then discusses ionic bonding, which occurs between metals and non-metals through the transfer of electrons to form oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonding is defined as the sharing of electron pairs between nonmetal atoms. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons surrounding positive metal ions. Each type of bonding results in different structural arrangements and physical properties.

Uploaded by

Tom Rigby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views37 pages

1 Atomic Structure and Bonding

The document provides information on atomic structure and bonding. It defines the three main types of subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, and electrons. It then discusses ionic bonding, which occurs between metals and non-metals through the transfer of electrons to form oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonding is defined as the sharing of electron pairs between nonmetal atoms. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons surrounding positive metal ions. Each type of bonding results in different structural arrangements and physical properties.

Uploaded by

Tom Rigby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

REMINDER

• Atoms are made up of three sub-atomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons
Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge Where found
Proton 1 +1 Nucleus
Neutron 1 0 Nucleus
Electron 1/1840 -1 Shells
REMINDER

• Atomic number = number of protons in an atom =


number of electrons in an atom
• Mass number = total number of protons + total number
of neutrons in an atom
• Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
• All atoms of an element have the same number of
protons
EXAMPLES

• Give the total number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following:
• Sodium p = n= e- =
• Oxygen p = n= e- =
• Calcium p= n= e- =
• Sulfur p= n= e- =
ISOTOPES

• Isotopes are atoms of an element with the same number of protons but a different number
of neutrons
• Isotopes may have differing physical properties as they have different masses
• Isotopes have exactly the same chemical properties as each other as they have the same
number and arrangement of electrons
EXAMPLES

• 35
Cl p= n= e- = 37
Cl p = n= e- =

• 1H p= n= e- = 2
Hp= n= e- = 3
Hp= n= e- =

• Remember – all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons
• No of electrons does not change for an isotope
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT

• Electrons are arranged in shells around the positive nucleus


• The maximum no of electrons in the first shell is 2
• The maximum no of electrons in all other shells is 8 (for GCSE anyway…)
• We write the electron arrangement (or electronic configuration) by separating the no of
electrons in each shell with commas
• E.g 10Ne e- = electron configuration =

17 Cl e- = electron configuration =
FORMING IONS

• An ion is a charged particle formed by gaining or losing electrons


• Ions are formed during chemical reactions so that atoms can lose or gain enough
electrons to have a full outer shell
• This makes them stable
• Positive ions are formed when elements (mainly metals) lose electrons
• Negative ions are formed when elements (mainly non-metals) gain electrons
EXAMPLES

• 15 P e- = electron configuration =

• Could either lose 5 or gain 3 electrons


• Easier to gain three

• 15 P3- e- = electron configuration =


EXAMPLES

• 12 Mg e- = electron configuration =

• Could either lose 2 of gain 6 to get a full outer shell


• Easier to lose 2

• 12 Mg2+ e- = electron configuration =


BASICS

• An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom


• A compound contains two or elements chemically combined together
• A mixture contains two or more substances which are not chemically combined together

• Chemical reactions between elements always involve either giving, taking or sharing
electrons to form chemical bonds
BONDING
TYPES OF BONDING

• There are only three types of bonding:


• Ionic
• Covalent
• Metallic

• All substances that we come across which contain bonds will have only one of these
types of bonding
IONIC BONDING

• As the name suggests, this involves ions


• Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals
• Metal atoms will lose electrons to form positive ions and these electrons will be
transferred to non-metal atoms to form negative ions so that both have full outer shells
• The strong electrostatic attraction between these oppositely-charged ions constitutes an
ionic bond
• All ionic compounds have a GIANT LATTICE structure
IONIC BONDING

• Example 1 – Lithium Fluoride

• 3Li e- = 9 F e- =
IONIC BONDING

• Example 2 – magnesium sulfide

• 12 Mg e- = 16 S e- =
IONIC BONDING

• Example 3 – Sodium Oxide

• 11 Na e- = 8 O e- =
IONIC BONDING

• Example 4 – Calcium Chloride

• 20 Ca e- = 17 Cl e- =
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

• Ionic compounds will always be solid at room temperature and have high melting and
boiling points.
• This is because the strong electrostatic attractions between the positive and negative ions
require a great deal of energy to break them

• Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid but do when molten or dissolved
in solution
• This is because the ions are in fixed positions when solid but when molten or in solution, the
ions become free to move and carry charge
COVALENT BONDING

• Covalent bonding occurs between atoms of non-metals


• They do not transfer electrons to each other, but instead share pairs of electrons to get a
full outer shell
• A covalent bond is the attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the positive
nuclei of both atoms involved in the bond
• Covalent bonds are just as strong as ionic bonds
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 1 – Hydrogen H2

• 1 H e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 2 – Chlorine Cl2

• 17 Cl e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 3 – Hydrogen Chloride HCl

• 1H e- = 17 Cl e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 4 – Oxygen O2

• 8O e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 5 – Nitrogen N2

• 7 N e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 6 – Carbon Dioxide CO2

• 6C e- = 8 O e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 7 – Water H2O

• 1H e- = 8 O e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 8 – Ammonia NH3

• 7N e- = 1 H e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 9 – Methane CH4

• 6C e- = 1 H e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 10 – Ethane C2H6

• 6C e- = 1 H e- =
COVALENT BONDING

• Example 11 – Ethene C2H4

• 6C e- = 1 H e- =
PROPERTIES OF COVALENT MOLECULAR
SUBSTANCES
• All of these examples of covalent molecules have a MOLECULAR structure as they are
small molecules
• Covalent molecular substances have low melting and boiling points
• This is because, whilst the bonds are strong, there are weak intermolecular forces between the
molecules which require very little energy to break them. As molecules get larger, the
intermolecular forces get stronger

• Covalent molecular substances do not conduct electricity


• This is because they have no freely moving electrons or ions to carry charge
GIANT COVALENT LATTICES

• Some covalently bonded substances form a GIANT


LATTICE structure where there are many atoms and
many strong covalent bonds between the atoms
• The allotropes of carbon, such as diamond and
graphite, have this sort of structure
• Allotropes are forms of the same element with a
different structure
• Buckminsterfullerene is another allotrope of carbon
DIAMOND

• In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four others by


strong covalent bonds
• These bonds require a great deal of energy to break them, which
gives diamond a very high melting point and makes it very hard
• For this reason it is used in cutting tools
• The carbon atoms in diamond show a tetrahedral structure
• Diamond does not conduct electricity as it has no freely moving
electrons or ions
GRAPHITE

• In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three others by


strong covalent bonds. This means that it has a high
melting point
• This forms layers of hexagons in graphite, which are held
together by weak intermolecular forces
• The layers can slide over each other easily which allows
graphite to be used in pencils and lubricants
• The fourth, unbonded electron, is delocalised in the
structure and is free to move and carry charge. This allows
graphite to conduct electricity.
METALLIC BONDING

• All metals are held together by metallic bonding


• They contain layers of positive metal ions surrounded by delocalised
electrons
• Metals have high melting and boiling points due to the strong attraction
between the positive ions and the delocalised electrons which require a lot
of energy to break them
• Metals can conduct electricity because they have delocalised electrons
which are free to move and carry charge throughout the structure
• Metals are malleable as the layers of ions are able to slide over each other
SUMMARY

Type of bonding Structure Melting/Boiling Point Electrical


Conductivity
Ionic Giant Lattice High Only when molten or in
solution
Covalent Molecular Low Do not conduct
Covalent Giant Lattice High Only graphite
Metallic Giant Lattice High Always

You might also like