IDENTIFICATION AND

EXAMINATION OF
TYPEWRITING,
COMPUTERIZED
DOCUMENTS AND OTHER
FORMS OF MODERN
PRINTING
Group 3
 Group 3 members:

AGOT CARACA
BATAD OMAPAS
BAGUAR LARESMA
A MANGANGOT
BLAS RODA
BENDOY VILLEZAS
 Typewriter
A mechanical or
electromechanical
machine for writing
characters similar to
those produced by a
printer’s movable type.
RODA
Type bar - a separate type
element corresponds to
each key.

Type ball or disc – a single

type element with a
different portion of it used
for each character.
RODA
 History
Hansen Writing Ball

 It is invented by Rev. Rasmus Malling-

Hansen of Denmark in 1865.
 Was the first commercially sold
typewriter.
RODA
History
Malling-Hansen used a
solenoid escapement to
return the carriage on some
of his models which makes
him a candidate for the title
of inventor of the first
«electric» typewriter. RODA
 Malling- Hansen made a porcelain model of the
keyboard of his writing ball and experimented
with different placements of the letters to achieve
the fastest writing speed.
 Hansen Writing Ball the first typewriter to
produce text substantially faster than a person
could write by hand.

RODA
 The Hansen Writing Ball was produced with
only upper-case characters.
 The Writing Ball was used as a template for
inventor Frank Haven Hall to create a
derivative that would produce letter prints
cheaper and faster.
 Malling-Hansen developed his typewriter
further through the 1870s and 1880s:
RODA
 First model of the writing ball from 1870 the
paper was attached to a cylinder inside a
wooden box.
 In 1874, the cylinder was replaced by a
carriage, moving beneath the writing head.
 In 1875, the well-known “tall model” was
patented, which was the first of the writing
balls that worked without electricity.
RODA
WRITING
BALL/ TALL
MODEL
Sholes and Glidden Typewriter

 The first typewriter to be commercially

successful was patented in 1868 by Americans .
 Christopher Latham Sholes, Frank Haven
Hall, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

BAGUARA
 It looked “like something
like a cross between a piano
and a kitchen table”.
 The working prototype was
made by the machinist
Matthias Schwalbach.

BAGUARA
 The patent (US 79,265) was sold for $12,000 to
Densmore and Yost, who made an agreement
with E. Remington and Sons (then famous as a
manufacturer of sewing machines) to
commercialize the machine as the Sholes and
Glidden Type-Writer.

BAGUARA
 Remington began production of its first
typewriter on March 1, 1873, in Ilion, New
York.
 It had a QWERTY keyboard layout.

BAGUARA
Index Typewriter

 Uses a pointer or stylus to

choose a letter from an index.
 was briefly popular in niche
markets.

BAGUARA
 It were slower than keyboard type machines it
was mechanically simpler and lighter.
 was therefore marketed as being suitable for
travelers, and because it could be produced
more cheaply than keyboard machines, as
budget machines for users who needed to
produce small quantities of typed
correspondence.
BAGUARA
Western index machine was The Mignon typewriter
produced by AEG which was produced until 1934.
 Considered one of the very best of the index
typewriters.
 Both interchangeable indexes and type, allowing
the use of different fonts and character sets,
something very few keyboard machines allowed
and only at considerable added cost.
BAGUARA
MIGNON typewriter
Standardization

 The "manual" or "mechanical "typewriter

had reached a some what standardized design.
(1910)

CARACA
1. Front striking
 The type bars struck upward against the paper,
pressed against the bottom of the platen, so the
typist could not see the text as it was typed.
 “visible typewriters” was eventually achieved
with various ingenious mechanical designs
which used front striking, in which the type bars
struck forward against the front side of the
platen, became standard.
CARACA
 One of the first was the Daugherty Visible,
introduced in 1893, which also introduced the
four-bank keyboard that became standard.
2. Shift Key
> This key physically shifted» either the basket of
type bars, in which case the typewriter is described
as «basket shift», or the paper-holding carriage, in
which case the typewriter is described as <<carriage
shift». CARACA
 Each type bar could type two different
characters, cutting the number of keys and
type bars in half.
 Was to allow letter keys to type both upper and
lower case but normally the number keys were
also duplexed, allowing access to special
symbols such as percent (%) and ampersand
(&) .
CARACA
Barlet - a double shift so that each key
performed three functions.
 these little three-row machines were portable
and could be used by journalists.
“Shift lock” key - the (precursor to the modern
caps lock) allowed the shift operation to be
maintained indefinitely.

CARACA
3. Tab Key

 Before using the key, the operator had to set

mechanical “tab stops”, pre-designated
locations to which the carriage would advance
when the tab key was pressed.
 typing of columns of numbers, freeing the
operator from the need to manually position the
carriage. CARACA
 First models had one tab stop and one tab
key; later ones allowed as many stops as
desired, and sometimes had multiple tab
keys, each of which moved the carriage a
different number of spaces ahead of the
decimal point (the tab stop), to facilitate the
typing of columns with numbers of different
length ($1.00, $10.00, $100.00, etc.)
CARACA
4. Dead Keys

 type bars of “normal” characters struck a rod

as they moved the metal character desired
toward the ribbon and platen, and each rod
depression moved the platen forward the
width of one character.
OMAPAS
 For example, a combination of the acute
accent plus e produced é; plus n produced
ñ. In metal typesetting, é, ñ, and others were
separate sorts.

OMAPAS
5. Character Sizes

 were standardized to print six

horizontal lines per vertical
inch, and had either of two
variants of character width,
called “pica” for ten
characters per horizontal inch
and “elite” for twelve. OMAPAS
 “pica” is a linear unit (approximately an inch)
used for any measurement.

6. Color

 Some ribbons were inked in black and red

stripes, each being half the width and running
the entire length of the ribbon.
OMAPAS
 A lever on most machines allowed switching
between colors, which was useful for
bookkeeping entries where negative amounts
were highlighted in red.
 Red color was also used on some selected
characters in running text, for emphasis.
 Solid black ribbon was used to switch to
fresh ribbon when the first stripe ran out of
ink. OMAPAS
 Aka mimeograph
machines
 Enabled the keys to hit
the paper unobstructed,
and was used for
cutting stencils for
stencil duplicators.

OMAPAS
7. Noiseless Designs

 a typewriter was marketed

under the name Noiseless
and advertised as “silent”.
 It was developed by Wellington Parker Kidder
and the first model was marketed by the
Noiseless Typewriter Company in 1917.
OMAPAS
 has a complex lever mechanism that
decelerates the type bar mechanically before
pressing it against the ribbon and paper in an
attempt to dampen the noise.

BENDOY
Electric Designs

 was laid by the Universal

Stock Ticker, invented by Thomas Edison in
1870.
 this device remotely printed letters and
numbers on a stream of paper tape from input
generated by a specially designed typewriter at
the other end of a telegraph line.
BENDOY
1. Early Electric Models

 were patented in the 19th century.

 First machine known to be produced in series is
the Cahill of 1900.
 Blickensderfer typewriters – it used a
cylindrical type wheel rather than individual
type bars.it used a cylindrical type wheel rather
than individual type bars. BENDOY
BLICKENSDERFER
TYPEWRITER
 Morkrum Printing Telegraph
-a patent for
the first practical
teletypewriter.
- develop by Charles and Howard Krum.
 James Fields Smathers
of Kansas City - invented the
first practical power-operated
typewriter in 1914 . BENDOY
 Northeast – produced the first
Electromatic Typewriter. (1929)
 Varityper - a narrow cylinder-like wheel
could be replaced to change the font.

BENDOY
2. IBM Selectric
Typewriter

 which replaced the type

bars with spherical
element (or type ball)
slightly smaller than a
golf ball, with reverse-
image letters molded into BENDOY
 Selectric used a system of latches, metal
tapes, and pulleys are driven by an electric
motor to rotate the ball into the correct
position and then strike it against the ribbon
and platen.
 The type ball was sometimes referred to as a
“golf ball”.

BENDOY
 “carbon film” - ribbons that had a dry black or
colored powder on a clear plastic tape.
 “Correcting Selectrics” introduced a correction
feature, where a sticky tape in front of the
carbon film ribbon could remove the black-
powdered image of a typed character,
eliminating the need for little bottles of white
dab-on correction fluid and for hard erasers that
could tear the paper. VILLEZAS
 IBM Executive – type bar-based machine
with five levels of proportional spacing.
 Selectric Composer – which was capable of
right-margin justification.
 IBM 2741 terminal was a popular example
of a Selectric-based computer terminal .

VILLEZAS
COLLECTING
IBM EXECUTIVE
SELECTRICS

SELECTRIC
COMPOSER IBM 2741 TERMINAL
Typewriter/Typeprinter Hybrids

> these often incorporated keyboards from

existing models Of typewriters and printing
mechanisms of dot-matrix printers.

VILLEZAS
 Thermotronic – letter-quality output and
correcting tape along with printers tagged
Quiet writer.
 Typewritten documents may be examined by
forensic document examiners.

VILLEZAS
- Primarily to determined :

1) The make and/or model of the typewriter

used to produce a document.
2) Whether or not a particular suspect typewriter
might have been used to produce a document.

VILLEZAS
2. PHOTOCOPIER

> A machine that makes copies

of documents and other
visual images onto paper or
plastic film quickly and
cheaply.

VILLEZAS
 Xerography
-most modern photocopiers use a technology .
-Standard for office copying.

 It is also known as a copier or copy machine.

VILLEZAS
History
 Chester Carlson - the inventor
of photocopying, was originally
a patent attorney, as well
as a part-time researcher and
inventor.
- Used his kitchen for his “electrophotography”
experiments.
- Made the first photocopy using a zinc plate
covered with sulfur.
MANGANGOT
 Haloid and Carlson changed the name of the
process to “xerography”, which was derived
from Greek words that meant <<<dry
writing>>.
 Haloid called the new copier machines
«Xerox Machines>> .
 In 1948, the word <<Xerox>>> was
trademarked. Haloid eventually changed its
name to Xerox Corporation MANGANGOT
 Xerox Corporation introduced the first
xerographic copier called the Model A.
Defeating.

 Photocopying came to be popularly known as

«xeroxing» .
MANGANGOT
 In the early 1950s, Radio Corporation of
America (RCA) introduced a variation on the
process called Electrofax, whereby images are
formed directly on specially coated paper and
rendered with a toner dispersed in a liquid

MANGANGOT
Color Photocopiers
 1968, which used a dye sublimation process
rather than conventional electrostatic
technology.
 Color photocopying is a concern to
governments, as it facilitates counterfeiting
currency and other documents.

MANGANGOT
Digital Technology
 The copier effectively
consists of an integrated
Scanner and laser printer.
 function as high-speed
scanners.
 Ability to send documents
via email.
MANGANGOT
 How the xerography works?

CHARGI 1st 4th

TRANSF
NG ER
2nd 5th
EXPOSU FUSING
RE
DEVELOPI 3rd
NG
 Identification and Examination

Similar to forensic identification of typewriters,

computer printers and copiers can be traced by
imperfections in their output. The mechanical
tolerances of the toner and paper feed
mechanisms cause banding, which can reveal
information about the individual device’s
mechanical properties.
MANGANGOT
It is often possible to identify the manufacturer
and brand, and, in some cases, the individual
printer can be identified from a set of known
printers by comparing their outputs.

BLAS
3. Computers

 A machine that can be

instructed to carry out
sequences of arithmetic or
logical operations
automatically via computer
programming.
BLAS
 Programs – modern computers have the ability
to follow generalized sets of operations.

History

• Pre-20th Century
- Devices have been used to aid computation
for thousands of years, mostly using one-to- one
correspondence with fingers. BLAS
- The earliest counting device was probably a
form of tally stick.
- The abacus was initially used for arithmetic
tasks.
- Antikythera mechanism is earliest
mechanical analog <computer», developed
by Kythera and Crete.

BLAS
ANTIKYTHERA
MECHANISM
- The planisphere was a star chart invented by
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11 th century.
- Astrolabe - a mechanical calendar computer
and gear- wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of
Isfahan, Persia in 1235.
- Planimeter was a manual instrument to
calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing
over it with a mechanical linkage
BLAS
ASTROLABE PLANIMETER
- The slide rule was
invented around 1620-
1630.
- In the 1770s, Pierre Jaquet-
Droz, a Swiss watchmaker,
built a mechanical doll
(automaton) that could
write holding a quill pen.
BLAS
- Tide-predicting machine invented by Sir
William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility
to navigation in shallow waters.

BLAS
 AGOT
• First Computing Device

- Charles Babbage, an English mechanical

engineer and polymath, originated the concept of
a programmable computer.
He is considered the
“father of the computer”.
- invented the first mechanical
computer in the early 19th
century.
- input of programs and data was
to be provided to the machine
via punched cards and for
output, machine would have a
printer, a curve plotter and a
bell.
AGOT
• Analog Computers
- which used a direct mechanical
or electrical model of the
problem as a basis for
computation.
- First modern analog computer
was a tide-predicting machine,
invented by Sir William
Thomson in 1872.
AGOT
- mechanical analog computer designed to
solve differential equations by integration
using wheel- and-disc mechanisms, was
conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson.
- Mechanical analog computing reached its
zenith with the differential analyzer, built by
H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT
starting in 1927.
AGOT
- Mechanical integrators of James Thomson
and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W.
Nieman.

TORQUE
AMPLIFIE
RS

AGOT
• Digital Computers
1. Electromechanical
> Torpedo Data Computer,
which used trigonometry to solve
the problem of firing a torpedo at
a moving target.

AGOT
 Z2, created by German engineer
Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one
of the earliest examples of an
electromechanical relay
computer.
 Z3, program code was supplied
on punched film while data
could be stored in 64 words of
memory or supplied from the
keyboard. AGOT
2. Vacuum Tubes and Digital Electronic Circuits

 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

in 1942, the first <automatic
electronic digital computer». - this
design was also all-electronic and used about 300
vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a
mechanically rotating drum for memory.

LARESMA
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer) was the
first electronic programmable
computer built in the U.S.
- defined by the states of its
patch cables and switches.
- the programmers of the ENIAC were six
women, often known collectively as the
«ENIAC girls».
LARESMA
• Modern Computers
1. Concept of Modern Computer
 ”Universal Computing
machine” was proposed by
Alan Turing in his seminal 1936
paper.
 Stored program, where all the
instructions for computing are
stored in memory.
LARESMA
2. Stored Programs
 Includes by design an instruction set and can
store in Memory a set of instructions (a
program) that details the computation.
 Was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper.

LARESMA
 MOSFET is the most widely
used transistor in computers,
and is the fundamental
building block of digital
electronics.

3.Integrated Circuits
 First working ICS were
invented by Jack Kilb and
Robert Noyce. LARESMA
 Kilby described his new device as “a body of
semiconductor material wherein all the
components of the electronic circuit are
completely integrated”.
 Noyce’s invention was the first true
monolithic IC chip.

LARESMA
 MOSFET was invented by Mohamed Atalla
and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959.
 MOS IC was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred
Heiman and Steven Hofstein at RCA in 1962
later introduced the first commercial MOS IC in
1964, developed by Robert Norman.
 Development of the self-aligned gate (silicon-
gate) MOS transistor by Robert Kerwin,
Donald Klein and John Sarace at Bell Labs in
LARESMA
 The first silicon-gate MOS IC with
self-aligned gates was developed
by Federico Faggin at Fairchild
Semiconductor in 1968.
 MOSFET become the most critical device in
modern ICS.
 MOS integrated circuit led to the invention of
the microprocessor, and heralded an explosion
in the commercial and personal use of
computers. BATAD
 First single-chip microprocessor
was the Intel 4004, designed and
realized by Federico Faggin with
his silicon-gate MOS IC
technology.
 (SoCs) are complete computers on
a microchip (or chip) the size of a
coin.
- may or may not have integrated
RAM and flash memory. BATAD
• Mobile Computers
 The first mobile computers were heavy and ran
from mains power.
 The 50lb IBM 5100 was an
early example.
 Later portables such as the
Osborne 1 and Compaq Portable were
considerably lighter but still needed to be plugged
in.
BATAD
OSBORNE 1 COMPAQ PORTABLE
 The first laptops, such as the Grid Compass,
removed this requirement by incorporating
batteries and with the continued
miniaturization of computing resources and
advancements in portable battery life, portable
computers grew in popularity in the 2000s.

BATAD
 Identification and Examination

 The increasingly ubiquitous use of computers

resulting in computer-generated documents has
resulted in difficulties for the questioned
document examiner.

BATAD
 Computer-generated documents are extremely
susceptible to alterations, such as text insertion,
cutting and pasting, and page substitution.
Therefore, questioned document examiners must
consider the consistency of the overall document
in order to look for signs of tampering.
 When faced with a computer-generated
document, the investigator first attempts to
classify the printing process by identifying the
printing technology BATAD
 The forensic Examiner also will examine the
printout to determine the type of paper and class
of ink utilized, as well as taking careful note of
watermarks, and staple hole patterns etc.
 These identifying characteristics do not always
offer definitive proof that a document has been
altered or tampered with, but in some cases may
show conclusively that a document is not
authentic.
BATAD
 Thanks

CREDITS: This
CREDITS: This presentation
presentation template
template was
was created
created by
by Slidesgo,
Slidesgo, including
including icons
icons by
by
Flaticon, infographics
Flaticon, infographics &
& images
images by
by Freepik
Freepik