Olive
Olive
Contents
Botany of Olives
Origin of olives
Production of olives
Floral description
Nutritive value of Olive
Olive Projects in Pakistan
Breeding objectives
Quality Control
Processing of Olives
Olives in Pakistan
Uses
Olives:-
Olive trees can live for hundreds of years. This is
the oldest and also religious tree in the world.
It is estimated that the tree was planted in the
period 1350-1100BC!
Olives:-
Family Oleaceae
Botanical name Olea Europaea
Common name Olive, Zaiton
Diploid species 2n = 46
Its age is ranging from 35 to 100 years but it can
grow hundred to thousands of the years and
also give good yield.
Origin:-
Found mainly in the mediterranean Basin like
Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Syria,
Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Morocco. It is one of
the most oldest plant cultivated by man. Olive
oil was considered a valuable product as early
as in ancient time. But good quality olive oil is
made in al over the world like Argentina,
Australia, USA, Pakistan etc.
Olive oil production ranking
Cultivation of olives
Olives trees grow in groves, in mild or temperate climate like In
Mediterranean region.
It can be grown via seed and also through propagation which is
adaptable in which cuttings and air layering is included.
It can be grown in any type of soil but sandy soil with PH 5.6-8.5
is considered best
Plant to plant distance should be maintained it depends on
condition of soil but optimum distance should be 6×6 or 7×7
It can tolerate harsh environment and can survive in low water
so irrigation should be done when required
Contd…
Pruning should e done every year after harvesting
because it can not bear flowers again
Insects like Fruit fly, Twig cutter, bark beetle and
aphid and Diseases like Bacterial blight, Sooty
mold) should e managed via insecticides and
pesticides (karaty, Azwordren, CuOH₂)
It flowers in spring which change from green to
black in end of autumn and it is finally
harvested in beginning of winter
Flower of Olives:-
Flower buds are born in the axil of each leaf.
Usually the bud is formed on the current
season’s growth and begins visible growth the
next season. Buds may remain dormant for
more than a year and then begin growth,
forming viable inflorescences with flowers a
season later than expected. there are
hundreds of flowers per twig. Each
inflorescence contains 15-30 flowers.
Cont..
• Olives are monoecious.
• Perfect flowers, those with both pistillate and
staminate parts, normally consist of a small calyx, 4
petals, 2 stamens with a filament supporting a large
pollen-bearing anther.
• Perfect flowers are born apically in an
inflorescence, and within the typical triple-flower
inflorescence. The flowers are small, yellow-white.
• The pistil is green when immature and deep green
when open at full bloom.
Seed of olives
Nutritive value of Olives:-
• Extra virgin olive oil is fairly nutritious
• It contains Vit. A, D, E & K and other beneficial
fatty acids like Saturated,
Monounsaturated(Oleic acid), Omega 3, Omega
6.
• Extra virgin olive oil also have antioxidants.
• It does not contain cholesterol. But have Poly
unsaturated fatty acids. Which help prevent
atherosclerosis.
Contd…
• Vitamins of olives decrease the risk of
atherosclerosis, Cancer, and helps to fight
against cholelithiasis, gastritis, Stomach ulcer,
Constipation and also help in preventing the
formation of free radicals.
• It has great cleansing effect and enhances
digestive processes.
• It slows the aging process and also prevent
blood clots.
Contd…
• Olives oil contains Vit. D, which promotes the
absorption of calcium and prevent
osteoporosis.
• Having polyphenols which fight free radicals,
lower the risk of heart diseases.
• It balances blood sugar levels, so it should be
used by diabetic patients.
• It’s a gluten free product and salt also.
Olives in Pakistan:-
Olives was introduced first time in Pakistan in 1986
under Italian project ‘Fruit, Vegetable and olive
project’
One wild specie “Olea Cuspidata” which is most
widely grown in Pakistan(Hill station of Murree,
Chakwal) not only in Pakistan but in sub-continent
also but unfortunately it is not grown on
commercial scale anywhere.
Other spp. Is most likely cultivated in Swat, Dir,
Malakand, KPK, balochistan (Loralai, Khizdar)
Projects working on Olives:
Now there many projects which are working on
economic production of olives in Punjab, KPK,
Baluchistan mainly
Olive valley in Chakwal by Italy
Promotion of olive Cultivation for Economic
Development and Poverty Allevation
Promotion of olive cultivation on commercial
scale
Breeding objectives
• High Yield
• High oil contants
• Oil bodies diameter
• Embryo testa ratio
• Testa color
• Seed size
Quality enhanment:-
the use of different enzymes viz. pectinase,
cellulase and pectinase CCM in combinations
to enhance olive oil recovery and quality. The
enzymatic treatment significantly increased
the oil yield and clarity of oil without
adversely affecting the quality parameters.
Varieties of Olives:
• Cornicabra
• Frantoio
• Manzania
• Picual
• Ponetine
• Lugano
Processing:-
1. First of all olive fruits are harvested by hand or by
Manual/mechanical harvesting using different tools and
machines.
2. After transporting into the mills fruits are washing and
cleaning from dust or other undesirable things for this
purpose it is deposited on conveyer belt
3. in Crushing and then grinding ground break the
structure of fruit without scrapping, to release the
liquid then shifted into the blender for homogenization.
4. Churning gives us Solid phase and liquid phase it is the
final quality
Contd…
5. Solid phase-liquid consist in introducing the
resulting mass this cold working process kept
intact all the organoleptic and nutritional
properties of olive juice temperature should be
maintained in 27-29 ͦC for 90 minutes.
6. Then by pressing centrifugation and decantation
we get oil.
7. Then storage after extracting virgin olive oil and
also making the categories of olives oil and it
should e stored in 15 to 18 ͦC
Processing steps:
Varieties of Olive oil:
• Extra Virgin olive oil
• Virgin olive oil
• Pure olive oil
• Olive pomace oil (Kitchen)
• Extra light olive oil
Products of olive oil:-
Uses of Olive oil
• Olive oil is used for medicine, cosmetic, recipes
• It is used in soap and lotions hair oil and other
beauty products.
• Religious value in Christian, jews, and Muslims
• Used as a flame in lamps
• Used in pickle
• Its an edible oil so used for cooking
• Used is medicines
We should make Olive oil as a staple: