CHAPTER ONE

Regulation and Control

outlines
Control System terminology

Open-Loop

Closed-Loop Control System

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 Introduction
 A system consists of interconnected components but built to
achieve a desired purpose.
 For example: Electric motors, airplane, biological units such
as human arm.
 System Engineering deals in the effect of interval of
quantities upon the behavior the system. The interval
quantities acting upon the system is input to the system.
 The condition or state of system is described by state
variables, which can be measurable or observed are called
system output.
 System is any entity with recognized input-output.

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 Cont…
 In Engineering applications, we are interested in determining
the system input that force the system output to behave with
time in some prespecified manner, that is we want control
system. This can be realized by using controller.
 So control system is an interconnection of a system and
controller.
 Control system is a system that consists of number of
components together to perform a specific function in which
the output is controlled by input.
 A control system is a device or a collection of devices that
manage the behavior of another device.

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Cont..
 It does not work alone, rather with other systems with
the addition of some designing futures.
 A control system must have input, output, ways to achieve
input and output and control action.

Fig 1.1 Relation b/n input and output

 A system which controls the output quantity is called a
control system.

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 The most main areas of control engineering are:

 Industrial process control:- the control of temperature, pressure,

flow level, etc.
 Drive control(speed control):- speed control of motors on
different machines
 Control of electrical variables:- stabilization of electrical
parameters such as voltage, power, current and frequency
 Position control:- such as antenna, CNC machines, etc.
 Course control:- course of ships, plane and etc.
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 Control System terminology
Controlled Variable( output variables):
It is the quantity or condition that is measured & controlled.

Manipulated variable(input variable):

It is the quantity or condition that is varied or adjusted by the controller so
as to affect the controlled variable.
Controller
Controller means measuring the value of the controlled variable of the
system & applying the manipulated variable to the system to correct or to
limit the deviation of the measured value to the desired value.
It controls the plant or the process.

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Cont…
 A control system consists of sub systems and processes or
plants assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired
output with the desired performance, given a specified
input.
 Control systems are found in a broad range of applications
from aircraft and space craft to robots and process control
systems.
 Control systems are also exist in nature: With in our bodies
there are numerous control systems.
 Example: Hands grasping objects and place it precisely at a
predetermined location.

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Cont..

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 Control System configuration
There are two major configuration of control systems:
Open loop

Closed loop (Feedback system)

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 Open loop control system(OLCS):
 Those system in which the output has no effect on the
control action.
 The output is neither measured nor feedback for
comparison with the input.

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Cont…

 In open loop control system we have a process which we

have to control and some input to change the process and
output. We have an example of a tank level control

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Cont…

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 Characteristics of open loop control systems
• Sensitive for disturbances and cannot compensate for
these disturbances added to the system
• These systems are simple in construction and design.
• These systems are economic.
• These systems are easy from maintenance point of view.
• Usually these systems are not much troubled with
problems of stability.
• These systems are convenient to use when output is
difficult to measure.

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 Disadvantages

 These systems are not accurate and reliable.

 In these systems, inaccurate results are obtained with
parameter variations, i.e. internal disturbances.
 Recalibration of the controller is required from time to
time to maintain quality and accuracy.

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 Closed-loop System
o If controlling actions of a system are somehow dependent on output
or changes in output, system is called closed-loop system.
o The actuating error signal is feed to the controller to reduce the error
and bring the output of the system to desired value.

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Cont...

 It is an operation that, in the presence of disturbance tends to reduce

the difference between the output of a system & some reference input.
 It can be negative or positive feedback
 In negative feedback the error signal is the difference between
setpoint and the output value.
e(t) = r(t) - b(t)
 In positive feedback control the error signal is the sum of set point
and output value.
e(t) = r(t) + b(t)

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Cont…

If anybody moves along a desired road with open eyes, it is an example

of a closed-loop system. It will be an open-loop system if eyes are
closed.

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Cont…

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Comparison between Open loop & Closed loop Gain

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 Automatic controllers
 An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output
with the reference input (desired value), determines the deviation, and
produces a control signal that will reduce the deviation to zero or to a
small value.

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 Exercise
A temperature control system operates by using the difference between
the thermostat setting and the actual temperature for opening a fuel valve
to the amount proportional to this difference.
Draw a functional closed-loop block diagram that indicates the input and
output transducers, the controller, and the plant. Also, identify the input
and output signals of all systems.
Solution:

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