1.

1 Electrical Power System - Generation Power Plant, Transmission and

Distribution of Three Phase and Single Phase Supply

WEEK 2
OBE: CO1PO1

PREPARED BY:

LECTURERS
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UiTM PASIR GUDANG
1

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 2

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

VOLTAGE DROP, SHORT CIRCUIT, SINGLE PHASE & THREE
PHASE POWER SUPPLY

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

This chapter address CO1PO1:

CO1 : Apply the basic knowledge, concepts and principles of operations, safety
and control of using electrical and mechanical system in the building.
(C6)

PO1: Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science engineering

fundamentals and an engineering specialization to wide practical
procedures and practices.
4

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

At the end of this session, students should be able to:
Discuss the function of Electrical Power System
Explain the function of substation
Discuss the function of Transfomer
Explain the types of connection in Transformer
Explain the voltage drop
Describe, interpret and illustrate electricity distribution from generating power plant to the various stages depend on end user
Illustrate distribution of single phase supply for a single storey house.
Differentiate between the single phase and three phase system.

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

o In Malaysia, the National Grid refers to the
electric power transmission system across the
Peninsular, while Sarawak, Sabah and
Labuan have separate grid networks.
o It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional
Berhad (TNB) which is the largest energy
utility that generates, transmits, manages and
distributes electricity along the grid.
o In Sabah and Sarawak, Sabah Energy Sdn
Bhd (SESB) and Sarawak Electricity Supply
Corporation (SESCO) respectively generate,
transmit and distribute electricity in their
respective State Grids.
6

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 7

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 8

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 9

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

o The substation uses transformers to step up the generator's voltage to high
voltages (275kV or even higher voltages) for long-distance transmission on the
transmission grid.

10

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

o Change the magnitude of the voltage from the medium voltage (MV) to low
voltage (LV) by step-down transformers, which may have automatic tap-changing
capabilities to regulate the output low voltage.
o The low voltage ranges from 240V (1-Φ) to 415V (3-Φ) 50Hz in Malaysia.
o It serves to provide energy to private residences, commercial, institutional
establishment and small house and industry.

11

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 12

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 13

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 2

1 3

14

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

EXAMPLE: DOMESTIC SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY (SINGLE STOREY HOUSE – SINGLE PHASE)

15

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

EXAMPLE: DISTRIBUTION OF SINGLE STOREY HOUSE (SINGLE PHASE)

16

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

1. POWER PLANT GENERATING FACILITIES

 It consists of turbines, axles, generator, alternator produced power rated between 11-
25kv AC.
 There are 3 phase, that is 3 different output cables : red, yellow & blue phase
situated at the outside of alternator.

2. PRIMARY TRANSMISSION

 It raise the generated power (11-25kv ) to the high voltage transmission lines called
the national grid.
 The connection in the transformer from power generated by alternator to the power
supplied to the high power lines are delta to delta or delta to star (wyes) or
combinations.
 Delta to star is commonly uses because safety of neutral lines can be incorporated.
17

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 18

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

o High transmission cable on large pylon at national grid

 Pylon is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower, used to

support an high voltage overhead cable.
 Cable : highly durable materials (copper or aluminum) or
both to provide less resistance to flowing of current for long
distance and light in weight.
 Some countries preferred underground cable

Underground cable Pylon

Overhead cable
19

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

3. SECONDARY TRANSMISSION

oSecondary high transmission substation

It
consists of step down transformers from 500 kV to 33 kV .
The power will supply to large heavy industries & various streets.
Example : steel mills, automobile & heavy machinery industries.

oHigh transmission cable on pylon

The pylon are less smaller due to much smaller transmission cable.

20

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

4. PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION

oPrimary distribution substation

consist of step down transformer from 33 kV – 11 kV.

supply the heavy consumption of high rise commercial buildings,
factories of to medium consumption & large cities or suburban areas.

oDistribution Unipole
cables on large unipole

consistof single pole of either reinforced concrete or circular hollow steel (CHS) pole
with supporting branches on both sides to support hanging cables.
other method used is by underground due to heavy traffic and aesthetic value.

21

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

5. SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION

oSecondary distribution substations

Consist of step down transformers from 11kV to 415/240V.

Substation usually located within the housing areas, village or town.

oDistribution cables on unipole

similarto the pole of primary distribution but used much shorter and
smaller poles.

22

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

o It is a high-voltage electric system facility that used to
switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines in and
out of a system.

o Function of substation:

 Receive energy transmitted at high voltage from

generating station, reduced voltage to suit local need and
provide facilities for switching.
 Change voltage from one level to another- either to step
up or step down voltages(power) for energy saving during
transmission.
 Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits

23

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 24

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 25

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

1. Transformer

 Function - to convert electrical energy at one AC voltage

to another AC voltage at the same frequency

 Types of transformer:
 Step up transformer - when secondary voltage is higher
than the primary voltage
 Step down transformer - when secondary voltage is less
than the primary voltage

For example, if your equipment has been specified for input

voltage of 110 volts, and the main power supply is 220
volts, you will need a step down transformer, which
decreases the incoming electrical voltage to be
compatible with your 110 volt equipment.
26

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

Basic Construction of Transformer

Secondary winding/
Primary winding/coil- coil – the coil
the coil connected connected to the
to load. When this
the AC power, AC magnetic flux cuts the
flows through the secondary coils,
primary windings there is an
causing a resultant electromotive force
magnetic flux in the (emf) induced in the
iron core coils which send an
AC through the load

27

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

Transformer Connection : Delta – Delta Connection

28

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

Transformer Connection : Delta – Star Connection

29

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

2. Lightning Arrestor

Function:

for limiting surge voltages due to lightning strikes or

equipment faults or other events

to prevent damage to equipment and disruption of service

30

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

3. Oil Circuit Breaker

Used oil - the main dielectric for contacts.

In Oil Circuit Breaker, oil serves as:

extinguishing the arc

providing insulation between the live parts and the metallic tank.

31

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

4. High Voltage Switch Gear

High voltage switchgear is used for isolating and de-energized the circuit.

32

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

oA voltage drop is the reduction in voltage of an electrical circuit that occurs when current
is passed through the wire.

oThe greater the resistance of the circuit, the higher the voltage drop.

oThe local voltages along the transmission line decrease gradually from the source to the
load.

oFactor affecting voltage drop - material and size of conductor, length of transmission line
etc.

33

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

oA short circuit is simply a low resistance connection between the two conductors
supplying electrical power to any circuit.

oThis results in an excessive electric current (overcurrent) that could be potentially

causes circuit damage, overheating, fire or explosion.

oAlthough usually the result of a fault, there are cases where short circuits are caused
intentionally.

34

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

oSingle Phase ( 1 ø )

In a single phase system, there is one neutral wire and one live wire with current
flowing between them.

Advantages:
The low voltage is less dangerous to consumers.
The installation is cheaper.

Disadvantages:
Only able to supply limited power demand to consumer
Only one voltage
Bigger diameter wire needed for high power equipment
Unable to supply for long distance

35

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

oThree Phase ( 3 ø )

For three phase system, there are one neutral wire and three live wire with current flowing
between them.
The three-phase power is produced by rotating three coils through a magnetic field within a
generator.
As they rotate through the magnetic field, they generate power.

36

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

oThree Phase ( 3 ø )

Advantages:

The power delivered is constant compared to single phase.

Higher load output

Disadvantages:

The connection of loads must be balanced in all phase.

The installation of three phase supply is more costly than single
phase.

37

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

1. By using flow chart, illustrate the transmission and distribution of electricity from the generating
power plant to the consumer.

2. List FIVE (5) main elements necessary to transmit the electrical energy from the power generation
safely.

3. Identify FIVE (5) main components in substation and briefly explain its function.

4. Evaluate all the factors that can affect the voltage drop and determine the action to reduce the
losses.

5. Elaborate the advantages of three phase system over single phase system.

38

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES

 39

ECM346 BUILDING SERVICES