COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY

LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 2 IP ADDRESSING BASICS

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Objectives
• Name the five different classes of IP addresses
• Describe the characteristics and use of the different IP address classes
• Identify the class of an IP address based on the network number
• Determine which part, or octet, of an IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID
• Identify valid and invalid IP host addresses based on the rules of IP addressing
• Define the range of addresses and default subnet mask for each class

Discussion
This lab exercise helps develop an understanding of IP addresses and how TCP/IP networks operate.
It is primarily a written lab exercise. However, it would be worthwhile to review some real network
IP addresses using the command line utilities ipconfig for Windows NT/2000/XP or ipconfig for
Windows 9x/ME. IP addresses are used to uniquely identify individual TCP/IP networks and hosts,
such as computers and printers, on those networks for devices to communicate. Workstations and
servers on a TCP/IP network are called hosts and each has a unique IP address. This address is
referred to as its host address. TCP/IP is the most widely used protocol in the world. The Internet or
World Wide Web only uses IP addressing. For a host to access the Internet, it must have an IP
address.

In its basic form, the IP address has two parts:

• A network address
• A host address
-•-
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Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-2

The network portion of the IP address is assigned to a company or organization by the

Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC). Routers use the IP address to move data packets
between networks. IP addresses are 32 bits long according to the current version IPv4 and are divided
into 4 octets of 8 bits each. They operate at the network layer (Layer 3) of the Open System
Interconnection (OSI) model, which is the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model. IP addresses are
assigned in the following ways:
• Statically - manually, by a network administrator
• Dynamically - automatically, by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
The IP address of a workstation, or host is a logical address, meaning it can be changed. The
Media Access Control (MAC) address of the workstation is a 48-bit physical address. This address is
burned into the network interface card (NIC) and cannot change unless the NIC is replaced. The
combination of the logical IP address and the physical MAC address helps route packets to their
proper destination.
There are five different classes of IP addresses, and depending on the class, the network and
host part of the address will use a different number of bits. In this lab, different classes of IP
addresses will be worked with and to help become familiar with the characteristics of each. The
understanding of IP addresses is critical to the understanding of TCP/IP and internetworks in general.
The following resources are required:
• PC workstation with Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP installed
• Access to the Windows Calculator

IP Address Classes
Class A 1-127 (Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing)
Leading bit pattern 0 oooooooo.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network . Host . Host . Host

Class B 128-191 Leading bit pattern 10 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000

Network . Network . Host . Host

Class C 192-223 Leading bit pattern 110 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000

Network . Network . Network . Host

Class D 224 - 239 (Reserved for multicast)

Class E 240-255 (Reserved for experimental, used for research)

Private Address Space

Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Default Subnet Masks

Class A 255.0.0.0

Class B 255.255.0.0

Class C 255.255.255.0

JEREMIAH 33:3 Call to Me, and I will answer and show you great and unsearchable things
you do not know.

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-3

Step 1: Review IP address classes and their characteristics Address classes

There are five classes of IP addresses, A through E. Only the first three classes are used commercially.
A Class A network address is discussed in the table to get started. The first column is the class of IP
address. The second column is the first octet, which must fall within the range shown for a given class
of addresses. The Class A address must start with a number between 1 and 126. The first bit of a Class
A address is always a zero, meaning the High Order Bit (HOB) or the 128-bit cannot be used. 127 is
reserved for loopback testing. The first octet alone defines the network ID for a Class A network
address.

Default subnet mask

The default subnet mask uses all binary ones, decimal 255, to mask the first 8 bits of the Class A
address. The default subnet mask helps routers and hosts determine if the destination host is on this
network or another one. Because there are only 126 Class A networks, the remaining 24 bits, or 3
octets, can be used for hosts. Each Class A network can have 2A24, or over 16 million hosts. It is
common to subdivide the network into smaller groupings called subnets by using a custom subnet
mask, which is discussed in the next lab.

Network and host address

The network or host portion of the address cannot be all ones or all zeros. As an example, the Class A
address of 118.0.0.5 is a valid IP address. The network portion, or first 8 bits, which are equal to 118,
is not all zeros and the host portion, or last 24 bits, is not all zeros or all ones. If the host portion were
all zeros, it would be the network address itself. If the host portion were all ones, it would be a
broadcast for the network address. The value of any octet can never be greater than decimal 255 or
binary 11111111.

Class 1*' Octet High Default Subnet Mask Number of

Order Bits Network/Host ID Networks Hosts per
1 ' Octet Decimal
s
(N=Network, Network (Usable
Range
H=Host) Addresses)

A 1 - 126 * N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (27 - 2)

16,777,214
0
(224 - 2)
B 128-191 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
16,382 (214-
10 65,534 (216- 2)
2)
C 192-223 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 254 (28 - 2)
2,097,150 (221
110
— 2)

D 224 - 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting

E 240 - 254 11110 Experimental; used for research

Note: Class A address 127 cannot be used and is reserved for loopback and diagnostic functions.

JEREMIAH 33:3 Call to Me, and I will answer and show you great and unsearchable things
you do not know.

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-4

Step 2: Determine basic IP addressing

Use the IP address chart and your knowledge of IP address classes to answer the following questions:
1. What is the decimal and binary range of the first octet of all possible Class B IP addresses?
Decimal: From:_To:_
Binary: From:_To:_
2. Which octet(s) represent the network portion of a Class C IP address?_
3. Which octet(s) represent the host portion of a Class A IP address?_
4. What is the maximum number of useable hosts with a Class C network address?_
5. How many Class B networks are there?_
6. How many hosts can each Class B network have?_
7. How many octets are there in an IP address?_
8. How many bits per octet?_

Step 3: Determine the host and network portions of the IP address With the following IP host
addresses, indicate the following:
Class of each address Network address or ID Host portion
Broadcast address for this network Default subnet mask
The host portion will be all zeros for the network ID. Enter just the octets that make up the host. The
host portion will be all ones for a broadcast. The network portion of the address will be all ones for
the subnet mask. Complete the table below:

Host IP Address
Address Network Host Network Broadcast
Default Subnet Mask
Class Address Address Address

216.14.55.137

123.1.1.15

150.127.221.244

194.125.35.199

175.12.239.244

Step 4: Given an IP address of 142.226.0.15 and a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0, answer the
following questions:
1. What is the binary equivalent of the second octet?_
2. What is the class of the address?_
3. What is the network address of this IP address?_
4. Is this a valid IP host address (Y/N)?_
5. Why or why not?_

JEREMIAH 33:3 Call to Me, and I will answer and show you great and unsearchable things
you do not know.

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-5

Step 5: Determine which IP host addresses are valid for commercial networks For the following IP
host addresses, determine which are valid for commercial networks and indicate why or why not.
Valid means it could be assigned to any of the following: Workstation Server Printer
Router interface
Any other compatible device
Complete the table below:

IP Host Address Valid Address? (Yes/No) Why or Why Not

150.100.255.255

175.100.255.18

195.234.253.0

100.0.0.23

188.258.221.176

127.34.25.189

224.156.217.73

Practice Exercises: Test your understanding.

ADDRESS CLASS IDENTIFICATION

Address Class 158.98.80.0

10.250.1.1 A 219.21.56.0

150.10.15.0 B

192.14.2.0 _

148.17.9.1 _

193.42.1.1 _

126.8.156.0 _

220.200.23.1 _

230.230.45.58 _

177.100.18.4 _

119.18.45.0 _

JEREMIAH 33:3 Call to Me, and I will answer and show you great and unsearchable things
you do not know.

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-6

Network & Host Identification

Circle the network portion Circle the host portion of of these addresses.
these addresses:

(177.100)8.4 10(^5.123.50) (m)l845.0 171.2(^99^31)

209.240.80.78 198.125.87.177

199 155.77.56 223.250.200.222

117.8956.45 17.45.222 45

215.45.45.0 126.201.54.231

192.200.15.0 191.41.35.112

95.0.21.90 155.25.169.227

33.0.0.0 192.15.155 2

158 9880.0 123.10245.254

217.21.56.0 148 17.9.155

10.250.1.1 100.25.1.1

150.10.15.0 195.0.21.98 Default Subnet Masks

'Mrite the correct default subnet mask for each of the following addresses

177.100.18 4 255.255 .0.0

119.18 45 0 255 .0.0.0

191.249 234 191

223 23.223 109

10.10 250 1

126.123 23.1

223 69.230.250

192.12 35 105

77.251.200.51
189 210.50.1

88 45 65 35
128 212 250 254

JEREMIAH 33:3 Call to Me, and I will answer and show you great and unsearchable things
you do not know.

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-7

ANSWERS:
1. What is the decimal and binary range of the first octet of all possible Class B IP
addresses?

Decimal: From: 128 To: 191

Binary: From: 10000000 To: 10111111

2. Which octet(s) represent the network portion of a Class C IP address?

• The first three octets

3. Which octet(s) represent the host portion of a Class A IP address?

• The last three octets

4. What is the maximum number of useable hosts with a Class C network address?

• 254

5. How many Class B networks are there?

• 16,382

6. How many hosts can each Class B network have?

• 65,534

7. How many octets are there in an IP address?

• 4

8. How many bits per octet?

• 8

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-8

Given an IP address of 142.226.0.15 and a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0, answer

the
Following Questions:

1. What is the binary equivalent of the second octet?

• 11100010

2. What is the class of the address?

• Class C

3. What is the network address of this IP address?

• 142.226.0.0

4. Is this a valid IP host address (Y/N)?

• Yes

5. Why or why not?

• Because the maximum IP Address is 192.168.254.254 and the given IP Address didn't
exceed.

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-9

Host IP Address Address Class Network ClassHost Address Network Default Subnet
Mask
Broadcast
Address

216.14.55.137 C 216.14.55.0 137 216.14.55.255 255.255.255.0

123.1.1.15 A 123.0.0.0 1.1.15 123.255.255.255 255.0.0.0

150.127.221.224 B 150.127.0.0 221.224 150.127.255.255 255.255.0.0

194.125.35.199 C 194.125.35.0 199 194.125.35.255 255.255.255.0

175.12.329.244 B 175.12.0.0 239.244 175.12.255.255 255.255.0.0

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-10

IP Host Address Valid Address? (Yes/No) Why or Why Not

150.100.255.255 No
150.100.0.0.is a Class B
network. This is a broadcast
address for a class B (host
portion 3rd and 4th octets
are all ones) and cannot be
used for a host address.

Because it still belongs to C-

175.100.255.18 Yes
type or class of IP Address

Because the number of the

195.234.253.0 No
first set or octet exceeded

Because it still belongs to

100.0.0.23 Yes C-type or class of IP
Address and may also
belong to B-type or class
Because the number in the
188.258.221.176 No second set or octet
exceeded.

Because the number in the

127.34.25.189 No second set or octet
exceeded.

Because the first set of

224.156.217.73 No numbers or the second octet
exceeded

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-11

Network & Host Identification

Circle the network portion of
these addresses:

^177.100/18.

4 "l19.l8.45.0

>09.240.80.78

(i99.i55.77/56

(1^J89^6.45

® .21.90

(33.0.0.0

(TQ^50.1.1

150.10)15.0

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-12

Circle the host portion of these addresses:

1015.123.50

171.0^99.31

198.125.8 ©
223.250.200.222)

1745.222.45

126.201.54.231

191.4^35.11^

155.25.169.227

1 192.15.15 €)

123(102.45.254

148.17^^

100.2511

195.0.21.98 1

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-13

Default Subnet Masks

White the correct default subnet mask for each of the following addresses:

177.100.18.4
• 255.255.0.0
119.18.45.0
• 255.0.0.0
191.249.234.191
• 255.255.0.0
223.23.223.109
• 255.255.255.0
10.10.250.1
• 255.0.0.0
126.123.23.1
• 255.0.0.0
223.69.230.250
• 255.255.255.0
192.12.35.105
• 255.255.255.0
77.251.200.51
• 255.0.0.0
189.210.50.1
• 255.255.0.0
88.45.65.35
• 255.0.0.0
128.212.250.254
• 255.255.0.0
255.255.0. 0
• 134.125.34.9
255.0. 0.0
• 95.250.91.99

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-14

CONCLUSION:

REFERENCES:

Written & compiled by:

GROUP REPORT GRADE SHEET

CRITERIA POINTS SCORE
Answers 60
Conclusion 15
Format 15
Timeliness 10
TOTAL 100
REMARKS: Follow the given format with
references and documentation.

JEREMIAH 33:3 Call to Me, and I will answer and show you great and unsearchable things
you do not know.

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE

 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY 2-15

DOCUMENTATION

JEREMIAH 33:3 Call to Me, and I will answer and show you great and unsearchable things
you do not know.

Prepared by: Engr. Dorothy Joy M. Tongol, MS ECE