STATISTICS

DR SARITA CHOUDHARY
MD RESIDENT COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1ST YEAR
2ND SEP/2018
STATISTICS- DEFINITION

• A collection of procedures and principles for gathering data,

sorting data, analyzing information in order to help people make
decisions when faced with uncertainty.

• A science and art of dealing with variation in data through

collection, classification and analysis in such a way as to obtain
reliable results.
Cont….

• Statistics is a applied subjects. It is used widely and limitlessly in

many fields, such as industry, agriculture, finance, business,
government, etc.
BIOSTATISTICS

• It is the term used when tools of statistics are applied to the data
that is derived from biological science such as Medicine.
—Basic requirement of the medical research

—Updating your medical knowledge

—Data management and treatment

USES OF BIOSTATISTICS

• To calculate Mean, median, mode & standard deviation of the

given collected data.
• To compare two sets of data.
• To get a conclusion or result.
• To find the association between two variables.
• To give the results in a tabular or diagrammatic form.
• To locate, define and measure the extent of morbidity and mortality in the
community.
• To evaluate the achievements of public health programs.
• To fix priorities in public health programs.
TYPES OF STATISTICS

• 1) DESCRIPTIVE: To describe and to summarize the important

features of data by calculating one or more statistical variables
and drawing some statistical graphs and statistical tables.

• 2) INFERENTIAL: To make a generalization from the sample to the

population including the estimation of population parameter and
the hypothesis testing.
DATA

• A set of values recorded on one or more observational units.

• Naming of data is variable.
• Variables is a characteristics of a person, objects or phenomenon
that can be measured or recorded also called attributes. Hence a
variable is random because it can take any values. Eg: religion,
weight, height, health status etc.
Data/Variable: 2 types

• 1) QUALITATIVE DATA:(quality)
• numerical & attributable study follows understanding problems,
identifying association.
• Narrative enquiry (life story & biographical research) & memory
work eg. Interview, observation & written data.
• In this data the variables are categorical. That means the values
cannot have intermediate levels. When there is only two possible
categories or groups ( yes/no, exposed/not exposed, male/female)
Cont…different measurement scales:

• A) Nominal: assigning number to events in order to label them. when the

groups have not any order or ranking in them but can be categorized eg:
male/female, hindu/ Muslim, urban/rural, right/left, occupation, skin color.
— percentage & frequency can be calculated.
B) Ordinal :when the groups can be categorized & can be ordered
or ranked in increasing or decreasing order or subjectively assessed.
• places events in a meaningful order (ARI may be classified as no
pneumonia, pneumonia, severe pneumonia and very severe disease). E.g.:
major/minor, GCS, level of cigarette smoking(none,light,moderate, heavy),
income(high, low & middle).
 In general 4 types of scale
• 1) nominal 2) ordinal
• 3) Interval scale: categorized, ordered & intervals can also be measured. In
Celsius scale, 100° to 90°C = 60° to 50°C. But this scale does not have
absolute zero.
eg: temperature, IQ score. Addition & subtraction can be done
but multiplication & division can’t be done.
4) Ratio scale: categorized, ordered, gap measured & because it has an
absolute zero, meaningful ratios do exist in this scale.
.Variables like height,wt,vol,rate, & time which we can compare
meaningfully with one other
e.g.: power of lens : 0 (N), Weight in grams or pounds, time
in seconds or days, BP in mm of Hg and pulse rate are all ratio scale data.
( eg. 30kg is thrice of 10 kg, 20cm is twice of 10cm, 8hr is 4 times of 2 hrs.)
2) QUANTITATIVE DATA (quantity)

• Quantitative data are measures of values or counts and are

expressed as numbers. They are data about numeric variables
(e.g. how many; how much; or how often).
• Data are obtained by measurement, such as Hb, height, weight,
BP, RBC count, WBC count.
• Two types: — continuous data & Discrete data.
 Continuous data Discrete Data
In which measurement can be made to a In which the measurement is made in whole
precise value, e.g.. Hb percent, Ht, Wt. number ( Range is given). Eg RBC count, WBC
fraction are possible. count, BP, Pulse etc.
SOURCES OF DATA

• 1) Experiments: can perform in various department like physiology

Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Clinical pathology etc.
• The results are employed in the preparation of dissertation,
scientific papers etc for publication.
2) Survey: are carried out by the epidemiologist or health workers
in the field to know the magnitude of the problem & health status
for the implementation of control measures.
3) Records: Registers or Books maintained over a long period for
vital statistics like births, deaths, marriage, divorce etc.
Sources of Health Statistics

• Population --- census reports, population estimates

• Births ----- register of births
• Deaths ---- registers of deaths.
• Diseases --- Hospital & Dispensary records.
Methods of Presentation:

• The raw data collected from different sources are rearranged in a

meaningful & understandable way.
• The data can be presented in several methods– as tables, charts,
Diagram, pictures & special curves.
MOP: for Qualitative data

• 1) Bar Diagram.: categories are usually placed in the horizontal

axis in some order & frequency or percentage in the vertical axis.
• Presentation of data as bar charts makes the comparative study
of the data very easy.
• Has single ,rectangular Bars with similar color & shades.
Bar diagram:
EXERCISE: Make a simple bar chart

•
GROUP A B C

BOYS 30 25 15

GIRL 15 20 35
Multiple Bar diagram

• two or more sets of inter-related data are represented (multiple

bar diagram facilitates comparison between more than one
phenomena).
Example: make a multiple bar diagram

• 1) in Morang ----- measles cases -----40

Rubella cases-------35

• 2) in Jhapa ------ Measles cases------ 45

Rubella cases-------50
Multiple bar chart
PIE CHART

• A Pie-Chart/Diagram is a graphical device - a circular shape broken into sub-

divisions. The sub-divisions are called "sectors", whose areas are proportional to
the various parts into which the whole quantity is divided. The sectors may be
colored differently to show the relationship of parts to the whole. (Clockwise).
CONT…

• To construct a pie-chart, first we draw a circle of any suitable

radius then the whole quantity which is to be divided is equated to
360 degrees. The different parts of the circle in terms of angles
are calculated by the following formula.
• FORMULA : FREQUENCY OF DISEASE TOTAL NUMBER × 360º

• Note that the percentages in a list may not add up to exactly 100%
due to rounding. For example if a person spends a third of their
time on each of three activities: 33%, 33% and 33% sums to 99%.
Pie diagram question( formula: frequency of
dz/total × 360º)

• 30 cases of typhoid 30 cases of kala-azar

• For typhoid: 100---------30
1-----------30/100
360º--------- 30/100 × 360 = 108º
Pictogram

• Pictograms are a popular method of presenting data to the "man in

the street" and to those who cannot understand orthodox charts.

• Pictograms (also known as “pictographs”) are essentially images

that are used to represent data. They are usually a simplified
representation of a concept.
MAP DIAGRAM:

• When statistical data refer to geographic or administrative areas,

it is presented either as "Shaded Maps“ or "Dot maps" according to
suitability. The shaded maps are used to present data of varying
size.
• The areas are shaded with different colors, or different
intensities of the same colour, which is indicated in the key.
Cont…
Exercise ( Map)
Exercise of Map diagram:
HISTOGRAM( Quantitative study)

• It is a pictorial diagram of frequency distribution. It consists of a

series of blocks.
• The class intervals are given along the horizontal axis and the
frequencies along the vertical axis.
CONT..
Exercise( Histogram)

• Tuberculin reaction measured in 206 persons:

Reaction in mm Frequency

8 to 10 24
10 to 12 52
12 to 14 42
14 to 16 48
16 to 18 12
18 to 20 8
20 to 22 14
22 to 24 6
FREQUENCY POLYGON

• A frequency distribution may also be represented diagrammatically

by the frequency polygon. It is obtained by joining the mid-points
of the histogram blocks.
Frequency polygon of the distribution of reading
of systolic blood pressure in a community.
Exercise: sputum positive TB cases
Exercise 2: frequency polygon
Frequency curve

• A curve that expresses the relation between the frequency

distribution plot, with the magnitude of the variables.
Example:
Example:
Exercise: Frequency curve
LINE CHART

• Line diagrams are used to show the trend of events with the
passage of time.
Trend of malaria cases reported throughout
the world:
EXERCISE: Population of nepal(2008-2018)in
millions

• 2008----26.48 millions
• 2009----26.74
• 2010----27.02
• 2011----27.33
• 2012----27.65
• 2013----27.99
• 2014----28.32
• 2015----28.66
• 2016----28.98
• 2017----29.3
•
•THANK YOU