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Genes in Development

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Cyros
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104 views13 pages

Genes in Development

Uploaded by

Cyros
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GENES IN

DEVELOPMENT
Prepared by:
Cyros Binondo
A. Differential Gene Auction

1. The Basis of
cell differentiation
Cell Differentiation
The process during
which young,
immature (unspecialized) cells
take on individual
characteristics and reach their
mature (specialized
form and function.
1. Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow is the primary site for the production of blood cells, including
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

2. Stem Cell Reservoir: It harbors hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) capable of self-renewal and
differentiation into different types of blood cells.

3. Two Types: Bone marrow exists in two forms: red marrow, which actively produces blood cells, and
yellow marrow, composed mainly of fat cells and less actively involved in hematopoiesis.

4. Location: Found within the cavities of bones, particularly in flat bones (e.g., sternum, pelvis, skull)
and the ends of long bones (e.g., femur, humerus).

5. Microenvironment: It provides a specialized microenvironment or niche that regulates the behavior of


stem cells, influencing their proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

6. Role in Immune Response: Bone marrow-derived immune cells, such as lymphocytes, play a crucial
role in the body's defense against infections and diseases.

7. Clinical Importance: Bone marrow transplants are utilized in treating various conditions, including
leukemia, lymphoma, and other blood disorders, as well as certain autoimmune diseases and genetic
bone disorders.

marrow
Gene Amplification
Gene amplification refers to the process by which the number
of copies of a particular gene or DNA sequence within a cell
is increased. This amplification can occur naturally in cells,
but it can also be induced in laboratory settings for various
purposes, such as genetic engineering or medical research
PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. It's a
molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific
segment of DNA through a process of repeated cycles
of DNA melting, primer annealing, and DNA synthesis
using a DNA polymerase enzyme.
Significance:
Diagnostic testing: PCR is widely used in
medical diagnostics to detect the presence of
pathogens, genetic mutations, or diseases. For
example, it's used in COVID-19 testing to
detect the presence of the virus.
Significance:

Gene cloning: PCR can amplify


specific genes, allowing researchers
to obtain large quantities of DA for
further analysis or manipulation.
Significance:
Forensic DNA databases: PCR is utilized to amplify
DNA samples collected from convicted offenders or
crime scenes for entry into forensic DNA databases.
These databases are valuable resources for solving cold
cases, linking crimes, and identifying suspects.
Significance:
Liquid biopsy: PCR can be applied to analyze
circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or circulating
tumor cells (CTCs) present in the blood of cancer
patients. This non-invasive approach, known as
liquid biopsy, enables the monitoring of tumor
dynamics, assessment of treatment response, and
detection of treatment-resistant mutations.
Gene expression is a tightly controlled process in cells.
It ensures that the right proteins are produced at the
right time and in the right amounts. There are two main
checkpoints for regulating gene expression:
transcription and translation.

1. Transcriptional control
2. Translational control
Transcriptional control refers to the
regulation of the synthesis of messenger
RNA (mRNA) from DNA. Transcription
factors bind to specific DNA sequences near
a gene, either activating or repressing RNA
polymerase, the enzyme responsible for
mRNA synthesis. This essentially
determines whether a gene is "turned on" or
"turned off".
Translational control refers to the regulation of the synthesis of
proteins from mRNA. This occurs after mRNA has been transcribed
from DNA. There are several mechanisms for translational control,
but they all generally focus on regulating the rate at which
ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins. This can involve
regulating the availability of ribosomes, the efficiency of translation
initiation, or the stability of mRNA.

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