Reproduction
Dr . Mohsin
Reproduction
Reproduction is the process by which an organism
produces others of its same kind.
Reproduction can produce new individuals that are
identical to or very different from one another.
Two type
(1) Asexual Reproduction
(2) Sexual
Asexual Reproduction
Type of reproduction with only one parent.
Each offspring is identical to the parent (how is this different
than sexual reproduction?)
Requires only one parent and the offspring are an exact copy
of the parent (a clone).
Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot develop much
variety, because they are “copying” the original organism
exactly.
Methods of asexual reproduction:
Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
Binary fission
Cell splits in two and produces
two identical organisms.
Single-celled organisms (Amoeba,
paramecium, euglena) which
use asexual reproduction can
do so simply by dividing into
two equal halves.
This is called binary fission.
Binary fission
When conditions are good, such as plenty of water, food,
right temperatures, etc., binary fission is a very effective
way of producing many, many offspring.
For example, the cell of a Paramecium can divide, grow,
and divide again in the space of 8 hours.
Budding
Budding: parent organism produces a smaller
version of itself (known as a bud).
The bud eventually detaches from the parent and
becomes an independent organism which is exactly
the same as the parent.
Budding- an offspring grows out of the body of the
parent
offspring
Hydra Budding
Cactus Budding
Fragmentation
In this form, the body of the parent breaks into
distinct pieces, each of which can produce an
offspring.
Pieces of coral broken off in storms A new starfish can grow from
can grow into new colonies. one detached arm.
Fragmentation- plant cuttings
Some plants can grow from cutting them up and
replanting them.
Green plants are quite sophisticated in
their methods of asexual reproduction.
Offspring may be produced by runners,
bulbs, rhizomes or tubers.
Parthenogenesis
• Egg develops without sperm.
• Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which
females produce eggs that develop without fertilization.
Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally in some
invertebrates, along with several fish, amphibians, reptiles,
Insects as well as in many plants.
◦ Unfertilized eggs of queen bee = male drone.
◦ There are no known cases of parthenogenesis in mammals
Sexual reproduction
Requiring 2 parents
◦ male and female (egg & sperm)
The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an entirely new organism
Offspring are different from the parent organism.
Sexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation
within a species than asexual reproduction would.
This variation improves the chances that a species will
adapt to environment and survive.
Sexual Reproduction:
Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)
Combining different genetic material
Methods of sexual reproduction:
Pollination (Plants)
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Pollen is produced in the male organs of the flowers - anthers.
Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers
to the female organs by wind or by animals.
If the female stigma is receptive to a pollen grain, the pollen
produces a pollen tube, which grows through the female tissue
to the egg, where fertilization takes place .
Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the
stigma of the same flower, or another flower on the same plant.
Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to
the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species .
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
External Fertilization
External fertilization usually requires a medium
such as water, which the sperms can use to swim
towards the egg cell.
External fertilization usually occur in fish and
amphibians.
The females lay the eggs in the water and the male
squirts the sperm in the same area.
Internal Fertilization
Fertilization occurs within the female.
Internal fertilization occurs in mammals, insects, birds,
reptiles.
◦ Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats, zebras, and
dolphins have live births)
◦ Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs
Advantages vs Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Advantages Disadvantages
Asexual reproduction
produces more offspring Same DNA being passed
Asexual reproduction takes down NO GENETIC
less time VARIATION IN THE
Only one parent involved. OFFSPRING
No searching for mates
If parent has genetic disease
Requires less energy offspring will have it too
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Advantages vs Disadvantages of Sexual
Reproduction
Advantages Disadvantages
Variation in offspring Requires two
Organism is more organisms. Must find a
protected because of mate
genetic variation Requires more cellular
energy
More time required for
offspring development
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