Prof.B.
Nagalingam
Retired Professor, IIT Madras
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Professor
Department of Automobile Engineering
SRM University, Chennai- 603 203
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Introduction
Hydrogen Production Methods
Hydrogen Storage Methods
Properties of Hydrogen
Use of Hydrogen in SI Engines
Use of Hydrogen in CI Engines
Use of Hydrogen to enhance the combustion of
Vegetable oil , bio-gas and natural gas
Conclusions
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Problems with conventional fuels
Alternative sources of energy
- Solar energy
- Wind energy
- Wave energy
- Biomass energy
Problems: Intermittent and far from usage place
Hydrogen as energy carrier and future fuel
Hydrogen as IC Engine fuel: Clean and renewable
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Electrolysis of water
Thermal decomposition of water
Thermo-chemical methods
Photobiolysis
Steam reformation of Natural gas
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Gas cylinders - * High Pressure
* Large Volume
* More Weight
* High Safety Risk
Liquid Hydrogen - * High Consumption of Primary Energy
* Extremely Low Temp(-253 ° C)
* High evaporation rate
* High safety risk
Metal Hydride - * Safe
* Compact
* High volumetric density
* More weight 5
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USE OF HYDROGEN IN
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
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USE OF HYDROGEN IN TWO STROKE SI
ENGINES
Use of hydrogen in two stroke SI engines is
not advisable
Scavenging losses through exhaust port
Escape of hydrogen through exhaust pipe
Fire hazard
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
A flame trap in the hydrogen line
Water injection near the intake valve
A blower to drive away the blow by hydrogen
gas in the crankcase
A hydrogen sensing alarm in the engine
compartment
A nitrogen line to flush out hydrogen when the
engine is not operating 10
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FOUR STROKE SI ENGINE PERFORMANCE
(Hydrogen , single fuel, manifold induction)
Higher speed potential
Lower power – lower volumetric efficiency
Higher brake thermal efficiency
Higher CR –Lower pumping losses,
Constant volume combustion
NO emissions only
Very rapid combustion- higher noise level
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Petrol carburetion plus hydrogen induction in the intake manifold
(Test results for V- 8 Automotive engine operating at 2000 rpm,
40 bhp road load)
only petrol hydrogen
enriched(1.5lb/hr)
Air-fuel ratio 15.6 24.3
Ind.brake th.eff .% 32 39
ISNOx gm/ihp-hr 4.31 0.63
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SUPERCHARGED
HYDROGEN FUELLED FOUR
STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
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Manifold induction of hydrogen reduces air
intake and hence less power
To compensate this , supercharging can be
used
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Performance of supercharged hydrogen engine
Compared to naturally aspirated hydrogen engine ,
at N=1200rpm and Lambda=2.0
* IMEP increases by 109%, 194% and 233% at 0.8,
1.2 and 1.6bar (above atm.pr) respectively
* Percentage increase in brake thermal efficiency is
18%, 23% and 29% respectively for the above
sup.pr
* Max.rate of pr rise increases at a faster rate
* NO emission increases by supercharging
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USE OF HYDROGEN IN DIESEL
ENGINES
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HYDROGEN - DIESEL DUAL FUEL CONCEPT
Hydrogen has a very high self ignition temperature (525 deg
cent) compared to diesel 325˚C
Hence , hydrogen can not be used as a single fuel in a
diesel engine
Hydrogen is inducted in the intake manifold
A pilot spray of diesel is used to initiate the combustion of
compressed hydrogen –air mixture
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Test results from single cylinder diesel engine(5 bhp,1500
rpm) with hydrogen induction
Percentage of diesel pilot quantity
10% 30% 45%
Knock limited
Output-bhp 2.7 3.45 4.35
Hydrogen
energy share% 84 62.5 49
Brake th.eff % 25.8 28.5 30.55
Smoke level-BSU 0.1 0.3 0.6
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USE OF HYDROGEN TO ENCHANCE THE
COMBUSTION OF VEGETABLE OIL
FUELLED DIESEL ENGINE
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VEGETABLE OIL AS A FUEL FOR DIESEL
ENGINES
Poor volatility – can not be used as fuel for SI engines
Vegetable oil is suitable for CI engines but
* Very high viscosity - poor atomization ,
vapourization &
mixing results in
poor combustion
Hydrogen can be used to enhance the poor combustion of
vegetable oil
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Properties Diesel JO H2
Formula C13H24 C20H22O3 H2
Density (kg/m3) 840 918.6 0.089
Calorific Value (kJ/kg) 42490 39774 119810
Viscosity (cst) 4.59 49.93 N/A
Cetane Number 45-55 40-45 N/A
Auto Ign. Temp ( C) 280 340 585
Vapor Pr. @ 20 C) 10 mm Hg N/A N/A
Oxygen (% by Wt.) 0 15.4 0
Stoch. A/F ratio (Kg/Kg) 14.6 10.8 34.4
Flash Point ( C) 75 240 N/A
Flammability limit Vol % 0.6 to 7.5 N/A 4 to 75
USE OF HYDROGEN
IN DIESEL ENGINES
Very high self ignition temperature
Hydrogen- SIT 525 deg.cent
Diesel - SIT 325 deg .cent
Can not be used as a single fuel in CI engines
Duel fuel concept
Hydrogen induction in the intake manifold
Pilot spray of diesel initiates the combustion
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Test results from single cylinder diesel engine
(3.75KW,1500rpm)
Jatropha oil 18% Hydrogen Diesel
energy share + JO
Brake th.eff % 27.3 29.4 32
Smoke intensity 4.4 3.3 3.9
In BSU
NOx ppm 740 870 795
HC ppm 130 90 100
CO % 0.26 0.17 0.2 32
USE OF HYDROGEN TO ENHANCE
THE COMBUSTION OF BIO-GAS
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Bio gas has low flame velocity -25cm/sec
Hydrogen has very high velocity-250 cm/sec
Hence, hydrogen can be supplemented through
intake manifold to enhance the combustion of
bio-gas
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Properties Bio gas H2
CH 4 - 55%
CO 2 - 42%
Composition (% vol) H2
CO - 0.18%
H2 - 0.18%
Lower heating value at l atm & 15c (MJ/kg) 17 120
Density at 1 atm & 15 c (kg/m3) 1.2 0.08
Flame speed (cm/s) 25 275
Stoichiometric A/F (kg of air/kg of fuel) 5.7 34.2
Flammability limits (vol. % in air)
Leaner ---------- 7.5 4
Richer ---------- 14 75
Octane number
Research -------- 130 130
Motor ------------ ---- 130
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With 10% hydrogen on energy basis ,lean misfire limit gets
extended from Eq. ratio=0.66 to 0.56
Max brake thermal eff. Increases from 25.2%(bio gas) to 26.2% at
Eq. ratio=0.95
At eq. ratio=0.95, HC level reduces from 1530ppm with neat
biogas, to 660ppm
CO also decreases
No significant change in NO level because of CO2 presence
More than 10% Hydrogen on energy basis results in knocking 37
USE OF HYDROGEN TO ENHANCE THE
COMBUSTION OF NATURAL GAS
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Properties Natural gas H2
CH 4 - 85%
C2H6 - 7%
Composition (% vol) C3H8 - 2 % H2
N2 - 1%
CO2 - 5%
Lower heating value at l atm & 15c (MJ/kg) --- 50 120
Density at 1 atm & 15 c (kg/m3) 0.79 0.08
Flame speed (cm/s) 34 275
Stoichiometric A/F (kg of air/kg of fuel) 17.3 34.2
Flammability limits (vol. % in air)
Leaner ---------- 5 4
Richer ---------- 15 75
Octane number
Research -------- 120 130
Motor ------------ 120 130
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The performance of a hydrogen supplemented
natural gas fuelled SI engine was found to be in
between natural gas and hydrogen engine
performance for the same operating conditions,
depending on the amount of hydrogen
supplementation
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Use of Hydrogen in two stroke SI engines is not advisable because of fire
hazard due to escape of hydrogen through exhaust port
Use of hydrogen in four stroke SI engine
with manifold hydrogen injection
* Higher thermal eff. * Lower exhaust emissions * Loss of power
* Tendency to backfire *Safety precautions required
with Hydrogen supplementation with petrol operated SI Engines
* Extends lean limit * Reduces exhaust emissions *Improves BSFC
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Up to 1.6bar above atm .pr, supercharging
Improves IMEP and Ind. Thermal efficiency
Maximum rate of pressure rise increases at a faster
rate
NO emissions increases by supercharging
Knock limit sets in a leaner air-fuel ratio compared
to nat. aspirated.
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Use of Hydrogen in CI engines
Hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine
• Hydrogen induction is limited by Knock
• Reduces Smoke intensity and particulates
• Improves BSFC
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Combustion of vegetable oil with high viscosity
can be improved in a diesel engine by inducting
a small quantity of hydrogen in the intake
manifold
Slow combustion of bio-gas or natural gas can be
enhanced in a four stroke SI engine by
supplementing hydrogen in the intake manifold
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THANK YOU
A Gift of Tree is more than a Gift .Its a New Life !
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