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27 views29 pages

Micro B SDL

Uploaded by

Israel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microbiology and Immunology

ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE


SYSTEM

GROUP 3
GROUP MEMBERS
Emelly Alfred
Emmanuel Matthew Verasammy
Gift Osariemen Ehigiator
Hanvitha Yachamaneni
Israel Ouid Desir
LIST OF ORGANS
Bone Marrow
Lymph Nodes
Tonsils
MALTs
Skin
Spleen
Thymus
SPLEEN✅
THYMUS
The thymus is the site of T-cell development and maturation. It is
a flat, bilobed organ situated above the heart.

Each lobe is surrounded by a capsule and is divided into


lobules, which are separated from each other by strands of
connective tissue called trabeculae.

Each lobule is organized into two compartments: the outer


compartment, or cortex, is densely packed with immature T
cells, called thymocytes, whereas the inner compartment, or
medulla, is sparsely populated with thymocytes.

The cortex and medulla of the thymus are crisscrossed by a


three-dimensional stromal-cell network composed of epithelial
cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and nurse cells which make
up the framework of the organ
NURSE CELLS: thymic epithelial cells in the outer cortex,
having long membrane extensions that surround as many as
50 thymocytes, forming large multicellular complexes.

The function of the thymus is to generate T cells that will


protect the body from infection.

Thymus produces an array of hormones. Some of these,


like thymulin and thymosin, regulate immune cell production.
The thymus also synthesizes hormones such as insulin and
melatonin.

It is large in infants and young children, but it decreases in


size after puberty.
ANATOMY OF THE THYMUS
HISTOLOGY OF THE THYMUS
BONE MARROW
Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found inside
bones.

It serves as the primary site for the production of


blood cells (WBCs & RBCs) and platelets.

In terms of the immune system, bone marrow is


particularly crucial for the generation and
maturation of immune cells, including B cells, which
play a central role in
antibody-mediated immunity
Further Info on bone marrow
Hematopoiesis: Bone marrow is responsible for
hematopoiesis, which is the formation of blood cells &
platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Production of Immune Cells: Within the bone marrow, HSCs


differentiate into different types of immune cells essential for
immune function.
The bone marrow provides a specialized microenvironment or
niche that regulates the development and differentiation of
immune cells.
These immune cells include:
• T cells
• B cells
• Natural Killer cells
HISTOLOGY OF THE BONE
MARROW
TONSILS
Tonsils are clusters of lymphoid tissue located at the
back of the throat.

They are part of the body's lymphatic system and play


a role in immune defense by trapping and filtering out
bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that enter the
body through the nose and mouth.

When pathogens are trapped in the tonsils, immune


cells within the tissue recognize them as foreign
invaders and initiate an immune response
IMAGES OF THE TONSILS
HISTOLOGY OF THE TONSILS
LYMPH NODES
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures
found throughout the body, concentrated in areas
such as the neck, armpits, and groin.

They act as filters for lymphatic fluid, trapping and


destroying pathogens and foreign particles.

Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are


abundant in lymph nodes.

Lymph nodes facilitate the movement of antigens


and immune cells throughout the body
More on Lymph Nodes
There are several places where lymph nodes are concentrated:

• 1. Cervical Lymph Nodes

• 2. Axillary Lymph Nodes

• 3. Inguinal Lymph Nodes

• 4. Mediastinal Lymph Nodes

• 5. Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes

• 6. Submandibular Lymph Nodes

• 7. Para-aortic Lymph Nodes

• 8. Mesenteric Lymph Nodes

• 9. Pelvic Lymph Nodes

• 10. Popliteal Lymph Nodes


ANATOMY OF A LYMPH NODE
HISTOLOGY OF THE LYMPH
NODES
MUCOSAL-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUES
(MALT)
Put simply, these are collections of lymphoid tissues at the mucosal surfaces of the body.

They provide immune defense against pathogens that enter the body through mucosal membranes, such as
those lining the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract.

MALTs initiate the immune responses to specific antigens encountered along all mucosal surfaces

The Diffuse lymphoid tissue along all the


mucosal surfaces are the
sites of IgA transport across the
mucosal epithelium
(protect the mucosal tissues from
microbial invasion and maintain
immune homeostasis with the microbiota)
The various types of MALTs are classified based on their location, which include:

• GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

• BALT (Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

• NALT (Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

• CALT (Conjunctival-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

• LALT (Larynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

• SALT (Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

• VALT (Vulvo-vaginal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

• TALT (Testis-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)


HISTOLOGY OF MALT
SKIN
The skin is the body's largest organ and serves as the
primary physical barrier against pathogens.

It consists of 3 main layers, each with specialized


immune cells and mechanisms to defend against
infection.

Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), including


Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, all play a
crucial role in immune surveillance and response
within the skin.

The skin is a crucial component in mechanisms like


inflammation which protect the body from antigen
damage.
IMMUNE CELLS OF THE SKIN
ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY OF THE
SKIN
THANK YOU FOR
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