SCIENCE
GRADE 6
PART 1
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
• The meaning of separation and its need.
• Understand what is meant by a mixture.
• Types of mixtures.
• Properties of mixtures.
• Separation of components from mixtures.
SEPARATION OF
SUBSTANCES
Separation is a part of our routine life.
Ex- Tea leaves are separated from the liquid
with a strainer, while preparing tea.
- Ingredients like green chilly are
separated from a plate of poha.
SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES
A few more day-to-day Examples:-
examples • Separate stones from rice
grain
• Separate the cream or malai
from milk after boiling
and cooling.
• Churning of milk or curd to
remove butter
• Remove husk from grain
seeds
• Remove oil from the top of a
curry or pickle before serving
NEED FOR SEPARATION OF
SUBSTANCES
1-c-ii 2-a-iii 3-b-i
NEED FOR SEPARATION OF
SUBSTANCES
The reasons for separation of substances….
1. To separate two different but useful
components from the mixture
2. To remove non useful components from
the mixture
3. To remove impurities or harmful
substances from the mixture
MATTER
MIXTURES
• Formed when two or more substances are
mixed together in any ratio.
TYPES OF MIXTURES
PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES
• The components of a mixture can be present in
any proportion.
• The components of a mixture retain their
original properties.
• The components of a mixture can be separated
by different separation methods.
• Mixtures DO NOT have fixed boiling point and
melting point.
MIXTURES
Types
Solid in Liquid in Gas in Gas
Solid in Solid Gas in Liquid
Liquid Liquid
Soluble-
Miscible
Solution
Insoluble Immiscible
HOW TO ACHIEVE
SEPARATION?
• The substances to be separated may be
particles of different sizes or materials. These
may be solids, liquids or even gases.
• We use different methods of separation and
utilize the point of difference between the
components of mixture.
• Mixture= Component 1+ Component 2+
Component 3 +….
RECAP
• Separation is done to remove impurities or useful
components from a mixture.
• Mixture can be made of 2 or
more components combined in any ratio.
• Componenets of a mixture can be in solid, liquid or
gaseous phase.
• Mixtures can be homogenous or heterogenous.
• Components can be separated from a mixture on the
basis of the differences in their individual
properties.
SCIENCE
GRADE 6
PART 2
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
• Explain techniques used to separate solids
from solid mixtures- hand picking, threshing,
winnowing, sieving and magnetic separation
• To apply correctly the most suitable
separation method in a given situation.
HAND PICKING
• Handpicking: It is the simplest method of separation of
substances and commonly used in our homes.
• TWO points to keep in mind :
1. Quantity of impurities in the mixture is small.
2. Shape, size, or color of the impurity is different from that of
the useful materials.
For example:- a) Pebbles, broken grains and insects are
separated from rice, wheat and pulses by handpicking
HAND PICKING EXAMPLES
Hand Picking Hand Picking
THRESHING
Threshing: Threshing is a method in which grain seeds are
separated from the harvested stalks.
• Threshing can be done in 3 ways:
1. Manual Threshing
2. Threshing by Animals
3. Threshing using machines- Combine harvester
THRESHING EXAMPLES
Threshing by animals:- Threshing by Machines:-
Combine harvester
Result of Threshing
WINNOWING
• Winnowing is an agricultural method developed by
ancient cultures for separating grain from chaff. It is also
used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain.
• Winnowing is used to separate heavier and lighter
components of a mixture by wind or by blowing air.
This method is commonly used by farmers to separate
chaff from heavier seeds of grain.
• The chaff are carried away by the wind. The seeds of grain
get separated and form a heap near the platform for
winnowing.
• The chaff is used for many purposes such as fodder
for cattle.
CONCEPT BEHIND WINNOWING
WINNNOWING EXAMPLES
WIND DIRECTION WIND DIRECTION
Chaff
Grain
Grain
SIEVING
• Sieve, or sifter, is a device used for separating wanted
elements from unwanted material by passing the mixture
through a woven screen such as a mesh or net.
• The basis of separation is the difference between size
of particles.
• A strainer is a form of sieve used to separate solids from
liquid
SIEVING EXAMPLES
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
MIXTURES
Types
Liquid in Gas in Gas
Solid in Solid Solid in Liquid Gas in Liquid
Liquid
Soluble-
Hand picking Miscible
Solution
Threshing Insoluble Immiscible
Winnowing
Sieving
Magnetic
separation
SCIENCE
GRADE 6
PART 3
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
• Explain techniques used to separate soluble
and insoluble solids from liquid mixtures-
evaporation, condensation, sedimentation,
decantation and filtration.
• Explain techniques used to separate miscible
and immiscible liquid mixtures- using
separating funnel and distillation
• To apply correctly the most suitable
separation method in a given situation.
SALT IN SHALLOW PITS
EVAPORATION-
to separate components of a solution
• Evaporation is the process of converting liquid into
gas or vapor. This process is often used to separate
salt from salt water or salty sea water.
• Shallow pits called evaporation ponds are constructed
and salt water is allowed to stand in these. After some
time, the water gets evaporated, leaving behind the
salts.
• Common salt is separated from this mixture upon
further purification.
CONDENSATION-
to separate components of a solution
• Condensation is the process of conversion of
gas or vapor into liquid state by decreasing
the temperature of the liquid.
• Evaporation and condensation often takes place
together. Evaporation and condensation taking
place simultaneously is called distillation.
SEDIMENTATION
• Sedimentation: Sedimentation can be defined as the
process through which dirt and other heavier
particles in a mixture settle at the bottom of the
vessel when water is added to it.
• When the heavier component in a mixture settles
after water is added to it, the process is called
sedimentation
Time
Sediment
DECANTATION
• Decantation is a process of the separation of
mixtures by removing water from the mixture where
sedimentation has already occurred, by tilting the
beaker and slowly pouring the liquid out.
• Decantation is a technique through which insoluble
solid substance can be separated from a liquid.
• Decantation CANNOT be used to separate a dissolved
substance from its solution. Ex: Sugar cannot be
separated from a sugar solution using this method.
FILTRATION
• Filtration is the process by which insoluble
solids (sand or dirt) are separated from a
solution by making the solution pass through a
filter.
• The filter paper is such that only liquids are
able to pass through it because of the
presence of very tiny pores in it.
• The fluid that passes through is called the
filtrate, and the solid that remains behid is
called the residue.
FILTRATION DONE IN LAB
Method of Folding Filter Paper Method of using Filter Paper
RESIDUE
FILTRATE
MIXTURES
Types
Liquid in Gas in Gas
Solid in Solid Solid in Liquid Gas in Liquid
Liquid
Soluble-
Hand picking Insoluble Miscible
Solution
Threshing Evaporation Filtration Immiscible
Winnowing Condensation Decantation
Sieving Filtration
Magnetic
separation
Distillation- to separate
Separation of miscible liquids
miscible liquids
Leibig’s
condenser
DISTILLATION
• This method is used when the components of
the mixture have different boiling points.
• It is used on a large scale for the separation of
products such a petrol, diesel, lubricating oil,
paraffin wax, naphthalene, kerosene, asphalt,
etc from crude oil in oil refineries
Separating funnel- to separate immiscible
liquids
MIXTURES
Types
Liquid in Gas in Gas
Solid in Solid Solid in Liquid Gas in Liquid
Liquid
Soluble-
Hand picking Insoluble Miscible Immiscible
Solution
Threshing Evaporation Sedimentation Distillation Separating funnel
Winnowing Condensation Decantation
Sieving Filtration
Magnetic
separation
USE OF MORE THAN ONE METHOD OF SEPARATION-
Separation of sand and salt mixture.
SCIENCE
GRADE 6
PART 4
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
• To be aware about water crisis and the need
for wise management of potable water.
• To familiarize with the different stages of
water purification process.
• To differentiate between a saturated and
unsaturated solution.
• To introduce water as the'universal solvent'.
Why do we need clean water?
• Water is essential for humans, plants and
animals to survive and for daily activities.
• To maintain hygienic conditions
• Contaminated water containing disease
causing microorganisms can cause diseases
such as typhoid, cholera, jaundice, diarrhoea
and polio.
Why do we need clean water?
• Nearly 1 billion people don’t have safe water to
drink.
• A child dies every 15 seconds from lack of clean
water.
• 1 in 4 children who dies before age 5 world wide,
die of a water related disease.
• Children often walk miles everyday to collect dirty
water to drink. They do not attend schools and face
hazardous conditions in order to bring water home.
What is water purification?
• A process whereby all the germs and harmful
substances of the untreated water are
removed to make it safe for drinking- that is
‘potable’ water.
PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER
Stage 1- Stage 5-
Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Screening Storage &
Supply
• Alum is added in the Loading stage to aid in
sedimentation of finer particles
WATER IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE ON EARTH
UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
• Water dissolves most substances and
hence acts as an important medium for
absorption, transport and distribution
of nutrients in plants and animals.
• Water helps throw waste in the form of
sweat and urine.
• Aquatic life would not have been
possible if water didn’t dissolve oxygen.
Solution- a homogenous mixture
SATURATED Vs UNSATURATED SOLUTION
Salt and 30.0g Salt.
More salt can be
dissolved in it.
Salt
4.0g Salt remains
undissolved
How can
Heating we prepare
increases sugarofsyrup?
solubility solutes
1. Stirring
2. Heating
3. Powdering
the sugar
RECAP
• Water purification is done using a 5-step process in Water
treatment plants-
1. Screening
2. Loading and sedimentation
3. Decantation & Filtration
4. Chlorination
5. Storage & Distribution
• Saturated and unsaturated solutions
• Water as a universal solvent
Separation of immiscible liquids
