BTY 275
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMATERIALS
LECTURE 1
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Biomaterials: Definition
(1987, Williams) A biomaterial is a nonviable
material used in a medical device, intended to
interact with biological system.
(Bhat) Nondrug material that can be used to
treat, enhance or replace any tissue, organ , or
function in a organism.
(Bhat) Biological derived material that is used
for its structural rather than its biological
properties.
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Definition:
(Merriam-Webster) Materials used for or
suitable for used in prostheses that
comes in direct contact with living
tissues.
Biocompatibility: ability of a material to
perform with an appropriate host
response in a specific application
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Examples of Biomaterial
Applications
• Heart Valve
• Dental Implants
• Intraocular Lens
es
• Vascular Grafts
• Hip Replacemen
ts
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BIOMATERIALS- CLASSIFICATION
When a synthetic material is placed within the human
body, tissue reacts towards the implant in a variety of
ways depending on the material type.
The mechanism of tissue interaction depends on the
tissue response to the implant surface.
Biomedical materials can be divided roughly in to
three main types governed by the tissue response.
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BIOMATERIALS- CLASSIFICATION
Biomaterials are widely classified as
Bioinert Biomaterials
Bioactive Biomaterials
Bioresorbable Biomaterials
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BIOINERT BIOMATERIALS
The term bioinert refers to any material that once
placed in the human body has minimal interaction
with its surrounding tissue.
Examples of these are stainless steel, titanium,
alumina, partially stabilized zirconia, and ultra high
molecular weight polyethylene.
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BIOACTIVE BIOMATERIALS
Bioactive refers to a material, which upon being placed
within the human body interacts with the surrounding
bone and in some cases, even soft tissue.
This occurs through a time –dependent kinetic
modification of the surface, triggered by their
implantation within the living bone .
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BIOACTIVE BIOMATERIALS
An ion-exchange reaction between the bioactive implant
and the surrounding body fluids-results in the formation
of a biologically active carbonate apatite (CHAp) layer on
the implant that is chemically and crystallographically
equivalent to the mineral phase in bone.
Prime examples of these materials are synthetic
hydroxyapatite [Ca 10 (PO4)6(OH)2], glass ceramic and
bioglass.
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BIORESORBABLE BIOMATERIALS
Bioresorbable refers to a material that upon placement
within the human body starts to dissolve and slowly
replaced by advancing tissue (such as bone).
Common examples of bioresorbable materials are
tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] and polylactic-
polyglycolic acid copolymers.
Calcium oxide, calcium carbonate and gypsum are other
common materials that have been utilized during the
last three decades.
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Introduction
Biomaterials used in these devices:
ophthalmology,
cardiology,
orthopedics and
dentistry.
All biomaterials in common;
they must have intimate contact with patient’s tissue or body
fluid,
providing a real physical interface.
The search for new, more reliable devices require a
disciplined scientific approach to the subject.
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Intraocular Lenses
• By age 75 more than 50% of
population suffers from
cataracts
• Made of PMM, silicone
elastomer, and other
materials.
• 1.4 million implantations in
•the United
Good States
vision yearly.
is generally
restored almost
immediately after lens is
inserted.
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Heart Valve
• Fabricated from carbons,
metals, elastomers, fabrics,
and natural valves.
• Must not React With Chemicals
in Body.
• Attached By Polyester Mesh.
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Dental
Implants
• Capable of bonding to
bone, a phenomenon
known as
"osseointegration”.
• Bio-inert, there is no
reaction in tissue and no
rejection or allergic
reactions.
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Hip-Replacements
• Most Common Medical Practice
Using
Biomaterials.
• Corrosion Resistant high-strength
Metal Alloys.
• Very High Molecular Weight
Polymers.
• Thermoset Plastics.
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Introduction: Biocompatibility
Good biocompatibility is achieved when the
material exists within a living body without
adversely or significantly affecting it or being
affected by it.
The material should have adequate mechanical
strength, chemical and physical properties.
Thus biomaterials must be compatible with body
tissues mechanically, chemically as well as
pharmacologically.
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Introduction
To research these materials the
investigator need to have arrange of
techniques for
1. materials production,
2. measurement of strength and surface
properties and
3. in vitro and in vivo techniques for
biocompatibility evaluation.
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Introduction
The functions of implants fall into one the
following categories:
Load bearing or transmission artificial joint, fracture
fixation
Passive space filling either for cosmetic reasons or
functional reasons bone filling, skin
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THANK YOU
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