Reference

 Reference talk about thinks in the world.

 Many words refer to actual relation in the world.
 According to theory the word like Parthenon meaning is the specific thing, that it
means particular temple to the goddess Athena in Athens, the reference what we
talk about.
 Another example is white house.
 That is a building in Washington DC, where the president of the united stated
lives.
 And other example is Hawaii,
 The group of island in the Pacific ocean that together compose the fiftieth state of
the U.S.A.
 Continuous…..
 If some one use the word of White House, it is good that they
means the president home.
 In common nouns the notion of meaning is bit more complex.
Example: when we use the word of woman we refer to something that
they are exist in the world.
Referent of woman is that particular person who wear a orange dress.
Example: on the bus yesterday, I met a woman in orange dress named
judy.
 Continuous…..
 Critically, we cant not use the word of woman for other thinks,
you cant use the word of woman for pin, bicycle or tree.
 According to the reference theory the meaning of common noun
determine by set of all them that we refer to.
 But woman can be used to refer only those things that exist in
circle.
 Every common noun has its own circle.
Drawbacks to the theory meaning as a reference
 It would be a mistake, though to think of reference as all there is
to word meaning.
 There is simply words actual thing that the word of santa claus
or unicorn refer to yet obviously these word are not meaningless.
 Sometime we use words in way that don’t refer to object on the
world
 No woman has become the president of US.
 Is there a platypus in the bathtub.
 Continuous…..
 In fist example the speaker describe that for no woman we point.
 In second example the speaker don’t know is it impassible to exist a
platypus or no,
 Some times we have the same reference or two expression refer to the
same meaning.
1: Bill Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton.
2: the winner of the 1996 U.S presidential election in married to Hillary
Clinton.
These two sentences refer to the same meaning
 Continuous…..
 Our mind can store all kind of information about the word and
there meaning, and our mind can not store all list of referent.
 You know what is the past president of U.S. you can not store
the name of all member of that.
 The meaning of dog, you can store it in your mind with its
referent, because we have one meaning for dog its refer to one
things in the world.
Dictionary-style Definition
 We have already determined that what we have in our mind dose not
reflect what is printed in the dictionary.
 A dictionary-style definition define a word in term of other words, also
the reflect way that the speaker of a language really use that word.
 We can envision and imaginary idealized dictionary that change with the
time, list all the word in a language at given time, and provide verbal
definition of each word according to speakers use of that words.
For example: in English dictionary we have divine is being have a nature
deity.
We have pride the definition is the quality of stated of being proud.
 Continuous…..
 The dictionary are written to be of practical aid to
people who already speak a language and that they
cannot make theoretical claims about the nature of
meaning.
 Mental image definition
 One possibility is that a word meaning is stored in our mind as a mental
image.
 Words often seem to conjure a particular mental image.
Example; the word of Mono Lisa, may come aa image of Leonardo da
Vinci's painting or to appear in your mind.
 Mental image definition seem more promising that did dictionary
definition, because the fingernail example shows mental image are things
that are already do have in our hand.
 Continuous…..
 Deferent people mantel image maybe very different with each
other
Example: the word of Lecture, in student mind they imagine that
one student stand in front of the broad and say something.
And word of Lecture, in teacher mind is consist of audience of
student sitting in a raw facing forward.
 We see that word of lecture seem from teacher perspective is
actually quite different from lecture seem from students
perspective.
 Continuous…..
 Example: if your hear the word of Mother you
imagine your own mother,
 But if you hear this word in context like: Mother
Tresa or elephants mother. You do not think of your
mother
 Usage-Based Definition
 We have considered and reject two possibility for what constitutes the sense
of a word, because neither was quite right for the task.
 Example: the two words ( groundhog and woodchuck) have two same sense
and when (such as in cause groundhog and platypus) they have a different
sense, it is difficult to know what is our mind tall us this information.
 When we know a word or when its suitable to use that word to convey the
particular meaning.
 Example: soft pieces of material across a bed for the purpose of keeping
people warm while they sleep, I know I can use the word of blanket for this.
 Continuous…..

 One of the function it serves to tell us when we

may use these words.
 And tell us the knowledge of how meaning is
related to each other.
Lexical semantics

 Deals with a language lexical or the collection of the word in a

language.
 We have two kind of lexical semantics
1: Meaning relationship
2: Componential analysis
Meaning relationship
 Classifying the semantic relationship that word meaning have with each
other
1: phonologically related: to have same pronunciation.
Example: night Knight
2: Morphologically related: to have the same stem.
Example: Playing. Played
3: Syntactically related: transitive verb.
Example: write, paint
4: Semantically related: to be the from the same set.
Example: dogs Red
Semantically related

 Hyponymy: when one word in specific hyponyms and the general is

hyponymy.
 Synonym: to have the same meaning.
Example: couch. Sofa
 Antonym: to have the opposite meaning.
Example: small large
Componential analysis

 Which is a way to analyzing word meaning by dividing in to smaller

parts.
Example:
Animals

Sheep Cow cut

 Compositional semantics: the meaning
of sentences
 Truth condition
 Think about the meaning of the words critical, and have a knowledge
of lexical semantics.
 One of the aspects of meaning involves a relationship between
language and the world.
 If you find the meaning of words, first stop and think about that word
for a moment.
 Continuous…..
 Bill Clinton is asleep
 It means that Bill Clinton is asleep, the English speaker know the
meaning of these sentences.
 Some person know that it a time that Bill Clinton is asleep, some peole
don’t know that Bill Clinton is asleep or no.
 First you should think for a moment then find the answer of the
sentences, is called truth condition.
 Continuous…..
 A unicorn named Charlie brought one dozen red roses.
 When you think about unicorn that is horse that have a single horn in its
forehead, it is not true, because it doesn't have a truth condition because
the unicorn doesn't exist.
 Red roses it true because it is a flower that have a red color when we
think it is true condition.
 Thinking about truth condition can tell us a lot about the way that we
interpret sentences meaning.

 Possible scenarios
 When we think about meaning of word or some sentences in term of
possible scenarios that find the meaning of the sentences.
Example:
If I had an apple, I would eat it right now
 If we analyzed the sentence in term of possible scenarios it have
similar situation.
 Both of these sentences is true
Truth values
 Truth value is either true or false.
Example:
There are two lions at the Dallas zoo.
 Everyone is know about that it is truth condition, but truth values is
unless you have recently been to the Dallas zoon.
 Truth values sentences without being able to precisely identify the truth
condition.
 Truth values is quit different from truth condition
Meaning and language use
 It is used especially for ordinary declarative sentences.
 How we determine the condition of question is it true or false, is it request or
order or apologize.
 Sentences meaning also determine in part by the condition which sentences may
used.
 Question are used differently from assertions.
 Order used differently from apologize and so on.
 By identifying this kind of practical situation we use from particular utterance.
 Every kind of question have different utterance
Compositional semantics: putting word together
and meaning relationships
 The principle of compositionality: it means how individual word are
combined to create a large unite of meaning.
 The cat chased the dog or the dog chased the cat
 Both of them exactly the same things, because they formed exactly from
the same word.
 And both of these two sentences expect to get the same meaning.
 Least in English, the order of word in phrase help to determine the phrase
meaning
Continuous…..
 For those word that we don’t know we refer to the dictionary for
finding the meaning of that words.
 Systematic principle exist that determine the meaning of any
sentences from the syntactic structure along the meaning of individual
word.
 The relationship between meaning and syntactic structure is called
principle of compositionality.
Continuous…..
 We have some phrases that we can not determine the meaning by
combining the meaning of word by kick an bucket that we put it
together and then find the meaning.
 Because it is phrases
Example: kick the bucket (it mean is die)
Sentential meaning
 A sentences in English consist of noun phrase and verb phrases.
Example:
Sandy run
It consist of noun phrases (Sandy) and verb phrases (run), it have two
syntactic forms.
 As the meaning of the sentences we want to know two things.
 1: is it true, fact or false.
 2: is it true condition
Continuous…..
 Is the noun phrases is part of the verb phrases then the sentences is
true.
 The sentences is false when individual word is not set of the member.
Adjective meaning