The Cell Theory was formulated

through the contributions of not

one but several scientist.
The Classical Cell Theory that
was proposed in the mid-19 th

century has six postulates.

 The word organelle is literally
translated as “little organs”. They
are structures with specific
functions found within the cell.
 All organelles found in animal
cells are also found in plant cells.
The invention of the microscope
became the springboard for
numerous discoveries about the
cell.
“BAYANIHAN”
Cell Types and Cell
Modification
SHS-STEM GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 / WEEK 2
MR. BON MARK M. GERARCAS, LPT
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES
3
describe some cell
1
modifications that
distinguish
lead to adaptation to
prokaryotic and
carry out specialized
eukaryotic cells
2 functions.
according to their
distinguishing classify different
features. cell types and
specify the
functions
 LIGHTS!
CAMERA! CELL
ACTION!
 LIGHTS!
CAMERA! CELL
ACTION!
MAJOR TYPES OF CELLS
 PROKARYOTES
• “pro” - before + “karyon”-
kernel or nut
• simple, unicellular
organisms that do not have a
nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
• most of its DNA is found in
 PROKARYOTES
• Smaller in size compared to
eukaryotes.
• Extremophiles and are able
to thrive in various types of
extreme environments.
Domain of Domain of
Bacteria Archaea
Single-celled
prokaryotic
Bacteria (eubacteria)
organisms. They have
no cell nucleolus

Cell walls contain

No peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan

Sensitive to
traditional Not sensitive to some
antibacterial antibiotics
antibiotics
 EUKARYOTES
• “eu”- good, well or true +
“karyon”- kernel or nut
• organisms whose cell has
a nucleus enclosed by a
membrane
• other organelles are also
 EUKARYOTES
• Eukaryotes are much
larger in size than
prokaryotes ranging from
10-100 micrometer in
• diameter.
Animals, plants, fungi,
and protists
 EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

ANIMAL TISSUES
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE CUBIODAL • SECRETION

SIMPLE COLUMNAR • For secretion and active

absorption
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS •
For exchange of material through
STRATIFIED diffusion
SQUAMOUS • For protection

PSEUDO-STRATIFIED
COLUMNAR • For lining of respiratory tract
 • Made of plasma,
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BLOOD
erythrocytes, leukocytes and
CONNECTIVE
TUSSUE PROPER • platelets
Found in the skin and fibrous
connective tissue made up of
CARTILAGE
• collagenous fibersbones
Cushion between

BONE • Mineralized connective tissue

made by bone-forming cells
 SKELETAL • Straited: voluntary
MUSCLE TISSUE

movements, attached to the

skeleton
CARDIAC • Striated with an intercalated disk for
synchronized heart contraction,
involuntary, located in the walls of
SMOOTH • the
Notheart.striated; involuntary,
located in walls of hollow
NERVOUS TISSUE

NUERON • Support cells

• Stimuli and transmit electrical

GLIAL CELLS signals throughout the animal
body.
• Impulses from other neurons.
 MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE

PLANT CELLS
PERMANENT
TISSUE

GROUND TISSUE
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
APICAL • Growing points at the tips of
MERISTEM
roots and stems and results in
an increase of length.
LATERAL
MERISTEM • Results in the growth in
thickness or width of woody
roots and stems.
PERMANENT TISSUE EPIDERMAL • Outermost layer of cells
TISSUE
that covers the roots,
stems, and leaves.
• Protect the underlying
tissue from injury
VASCULAR TISSUE •
Transport and support
 GUARD CELLS • Bean shaped epidermal
EPIDERMAL TISSUE

cells
• Occur in stoma
• Open and close the stoma,
controlling the loss of
HAIR CELLS water by transpiration.
• Extension of cell wall
• Increase the surface area of
 XYLEM TISSUE • Transport water and
VASCULAR TISSUE

mineral salts from the

ground water through the
roots to the stems and
leaves.
PHLOEM TISSUE • Transport food from the
leaves to areas undergoing
growth or storage sites.
 PARENCHYMA • Thin-walled and alive at
GROUND TISSUE

maturity; often multifaceted.

COLLENCHYMA • Thick-walled and alive at

maturity

SCLERENCHYMA • Thick walled and dead at

maturity
 CELL
SPECIALIZATION
CELL SPECIALIZATION
also known as cell differentiation. It is the
process by which generic cells change to
different types of cells to be able to perform
special or specific functions.
Mtes lecls
Stem Cells
• “magic cells”
• Replicate into healthy
cells in order to speed up
regeneration after certain
pathological conditions.
• Present • Early-stage
throughout the embryos
human body. STEM CELL • Issues have
• Repair and been raised
maintain about ethics of
specialized embryonic
tissues. stem

Adult Stem Cell Embryonic Stem Cell

 Red Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes, red blood corpuscles
• Biconcave disc
• Fairly flexible, allowing them to squeeze through
thin blood capillaries.
Functions
• Transport oxygen using hemoglobin
• Control pH of the blood by forming an
acid-base buffer
 White Blood Cells
• leukocytes, white blood corpuscles
• Vital component of immune system
Two types of WBC
• Granulocytes- granules in cytoplasm
• Agranulocytes – have no granules
 Granulocytes Neutrophils
• Most common type of
WBC in the body
• They kill germs by means
of phagocytosis or cell-
eating
 Granulocytes Eosinophils
• Enzymes histaminase and
arylsulfatase B which are
involved in inflammatory
response
• Allergic reaction, parasitic
infection, autoimmune
diseases
 Granulocytes Basophils
• Least frequent type of WBC

• Ability to secrete anticoagulants

and antibodies that function
against hypersensitivity
reactions
 Granulocytes Natural Killer Cells

• kill tumor cells or cells

infected with a virus
• Ability to sense stressed cells.

• Sentinels of the body

 Agranulocytes Monocytes

• Large kidney bean shaped

nucleus
• bloodstream
• One and three days before
entering tissues they become
macrophages.
 Agranulocytes Lymphocytes

• B-cells and T-cells

• T-cells, helper cells and killer
cells. Named after the thymus,
an organ situated under the
breastbone.
 Agranulocytes Lymphocytes

• B-cells and T-cells

• B-cells, Make antibodies, one
of the final steps in disease
resistance.
• B lymphocytes make
antibodies, they prime
pathogens for destruction
 Platelets
• thrombocytes
• Fragments of cells rather
than true cells, control of
bleeding.

• Megakaryocytes develop of
fragmentation.
 Nerve cells
• neurons
• Transmit information
throughout the body in
the form of electrical
signal.

• Cell body, dendrites, axon and

axon terminals
 Neuroglial Cells
• Glial cells or glia
• Astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes,
microglial cells and
ependymal cells.
• Cells in nervous system that are not
involved in conduction of nervous
impulses.
 Muscle Cells
• Myocytes
• Rich in proteins: Actin
and Myosin
• Three types: Skeletal,
Cardiac, and Smooth
muscle cells.
Bone Cells
Osteoclast- Bone resorption

Osteoblasts- Bone remodeling

Osteocytes- secrete growth factors

Skin Cells
Keratinocytes- protecting the body by
blocking the toxins and pathogens

Melanocytes- skin coloration

Merkel cells- mechanosensory cells and are

involve in touch reception
 Sex Cells
• gametes
• Fusion of two different
types of cells

• Male sex cells “sperm cells

or spermatozoa”, female
gametes “ egg or ova”
 CELL MODIFICATIONS
adaptations or changes acquired by the
cell after cell division that aids the cell
in various beneficial ways.
 Cell Modifications

CILIA VILLI

FLAGELLA PSEUDOPODS
 Cilia
• hair-like organelles extending
from the cell surface.
• Types of cilia
⚬ Non-motile or primary cilia
(sensory)
⚬ Motile (movement)
Flagella
• long, whip-like, tail-
like structures made
of protein filaments.
• aids in movement
Villi or Microvilli
• small, slender,
vascular, finger-like
projections
• increases surface area
to increase absorption.
 Pseudopods
• “false feet”
• temporary extension of
the cytoplasm
• movement and ingestion
(phagocytosis)
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
• Compound secreted by the cell on its
apical surface.
• Cell wall – plant cells
• Glycoprotein – protein in animal cells
Basal Modification
• Found in the basal surface
of the cell
desmosomes/hemidesmoso
mes
• Composed of keratin,
integrin, and cadherin.
 Contact between
Lateral neighboring cells or
between the cell and
Modification extracellular matrix.

ADHERING TIGHT GAP

JUNCTION JUNCTION JUNCTION
• Anchoring junction on the • Acts as barriers that • Communicating
lateral surface of the cell. regulate the movement of junctions
• Fasten cells to one the water and solutes • Closable channel that
another. • Prevent leakage of ECF connects the
cytoplasm of animal
cells
Thank You