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Introduction To Behavioral Sciences

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72 views38 pages

Introduction To Behavioral Sciences

Uploaded by

mahrabfatima316
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Behavioural sciences
By
Abida Parveen
Shama Kanwal
Learning Objectives
At the end of that lecture student will be able;
 To define behavior and behavioral sciences
 Components of behavioral sciences
 To explain a short history of behavioral sciences
 Holistic vs Traditional allopathic Medicine
 biopsychosocial model
 Health Belief Model
Behavior
Definition:
Behavior is a response of an individual or group to any
stimuli.
OR
Behavior is any action or reaction to environment,
person, or stimulus.
1. Behavior is everything that a a person does.
2. Behavior is that can be observed
that can be seen that can be measured.
behavioral science :(Art & Humanities)
“Behavioral science is a broad term that
refers to use of scientific methods to study the
behavior of human and animal.”

OR
A branch of science (such as
psychology, sociology, or
anthropology) that deals primarily with
human action and often seeks to
generalize about human behavior in
society
COMPONENTS
1) Psychology“Psychology is the scientific study of the mind
and behavior.
Neuroscience
neuroscience is the study of the nervous system – from
structure to function, development to degeneration, in health
and in disease.
They examine the role of functions such as
thoughts ,cognition,perception,motivation,intelligence and
memory
2) Sociology

“Sociology is a systematic study of society and social


interaction.,”
Human behavior influence by family,community and society
these included
(housing,employment,gender issue,values and believes) that
directly affect on health and illness.
3) Anthropology
“ Anthropology is the study of the origin and development of
human societies and cultures.”

It highlights their cultural history and geographical


distribution of human races that affect on health and illness.

It also involvesthe study of cultural methods of dealing with


diseases and distressful events.
Importance of behavioural sciences in health

The goal of the behavioral and social sciences is


 To better understand human behaviors and
 Apply this understanding to improving the quality of
life for people. Because so many behaviors have an
impact on health.
 Social and behavioral sciences are an important
component of studying individual and group health.
Holistic healthcare medicine
is a form of medicine that treats the “whole person,”
treating not the physical self, but also the emotional,
spiritual, and mental facets as well. Whereas

Allopathic medicine
is constantly treats the disease, not the whole person,,
Biopsychosocial Model
Interactions between individual genetic
makeup (biology), mental health and
personality (psychology), and sociocultural
environment (socialogy) contribute to their
experience of health or illness.
History
• It was theorized by Psychiatrist George L. Engel in the
1970.
• According to him, clinicians must attends simultaneously to
the biological, psychological and social dimensions of
illness. Later on, Theodore Millon has extensively
researched the biopsychosocial model and has developed a
systematic approach to understand the clinical presentation
found in many treatment settings.
1) Biological Influences on Health
The biological influences on mental health and mental illness
are varied, and include genetics, infections, physical trauma,
nutrition, hormones, and toxins. For example ,if one
monozygotic twin develops a disease, there is at least a 60%
chance that the co-twin will also develop that disorder. From
the prevalence in general population, it is clear that genetic
factors play an important role in the development of this
disorder.
Psychological factors
• The psychological component looks for potential
psychological explanations for a health problem, such as
lack of self-control, emotional imbalance, or negative
thinking.
• For example, depression on its own may not cause liver
problems, but a person with depression may be more
likely to abuse alcohol, and, therefore, develop liver
damage.
Social factors
Social and cultural factors are conceptualized as a
particular set of stressful events that can differentially
impact health . For example in mental disorders like
anorexia nervosa. The fashion industry and the media
promote an unhealthy standard of beauty that emphasizs
thinness over health. This exerts social pressure to attain
this "ideal" body image despite the obvious health risks.
Biopsychosocial theory

The biopsychosocial theory posits that each one of


these factors is not sufficient to create health or
mental illness, but the interaction between them
determines the course of one's development.
Application of Biopsychosocial
model
Health promotion must address all three factors, as a growing
body of empirical literature suggests that it is the
combination of health status, perceptions of health, and
sociocultural barriers to access health care that influence the
likelihood of a patient engaging in health-promoting
behaviors, like taking medication, proper diet or nutrition,
and engaging in physical activity.
How to apply Biopsychosocial model in
Clinical practice
• Recognize that relationships are central to providing health care
• Use self-awareness as a diagnostic tool
• Elicit the patient’s history in the context of life circumstances
• Decide which aspects of biological, psychological, and social
domains are most important to understand and promoting the
patient’s health
• Provide multidimensional treatment
Limitation of Biopsychosocial
Model
Despite its usefulness, there are issues with the
biopsychosocial model, including the degree of
influence that each factor has, the degree of
interaction between factors, and variation across
individuals and life spans.
Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a tool
that scientists use to try to predict health
behaviors. It was originally developed in
the 1950s and proposed by social
psychologists Godfrey Hochbaum, Irwin
Rosenstock.
Modifiable Factors
Personality & Patient Satisfaction
Socioeconomics
Knowledge
life style
Non-Modifiable Factors
Age
Gender
Ethnicity or Culture
Perceived Severity
(belief of consequence)

The probability that a person will change


their health behaviors to avoid a
consequence depends on how serious they
believe the consequences will be.
Perceived Susceptibility
Individual's perceived threat to sickness or
disease.People will not change their health
behaviors unless they believe that they are at
risk.

For example:
Individuals who do not think they will get the flu
are less likely to get a yearly flu shot.
Perceived Benefits
It's difficult to convince people to change a behavior if
there isn't something in it for them. People don't want
to give up something they enjoy if they don't also get
something in return. For example:

People might not get vaccinated if they do not think


there is an individual benefit for them.
Perceived Barriers
One of the major reasons people don't change their health
behaviors is that they think doing so is going to be hard.
Changing health behaviors can require effort, money, and
time. Commonly perceived barriers include:

Amount of effort needed


Danger
Discomfort
Expense
Cues to Action
One of the best things about the Health Belief
Model is how realistically it frames people's
behaviors. It recognizes the fact that
sometimes wanting to change a health
behavior isn't enough to actually make
someone do it.
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy wasn't added to the model until 1988.In
psychology, self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their
capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific
goals.
For example, one study found that women who had a
greater sense of self-efficacy toward breastfeeding were
more likely to nurse their infants longer.
.
Criticisms of the Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model is not without criticism. Some of
the limitations of this approach to understanding health
include:
 It does not take into account how people's decisions
may be shaped by habitual behaviors.
 It focuses on health-related reasons for behaviors but
ignores the fact that people often engage in actions for
other reasons, such as social acceptance.
 It doesn't address the economic and environmental
factors that can affect a person's health behavior.
Sick Role:
This is a state that an individual may assume at home or
in office
settings to show his inability to perform his routine roles
or duties. This role
may succeed in freeing the individual from their routine
duties. S/he is
expected to seek medical help and follow the advice of his
well-wisher. If they do not do so,
Attostasis
is an adaptive mechanism in which the individual
makes the
adaptations by predicting changes in advance, rather
than in reaction.
These adaptations are creative and organised
multisystem changes made
in anticipation of a possible challeng
Homeostasis
is a reactive state that ensures harmony
within the body
systems through adaptive negative feedback
loops. It also uses reactive
behavioural adjustments in domains
operating outside the body
References
• Source: Boundless. “The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness.”
Boundless Psychology. Boundless, 21 Aug. 2015. Retrieved 21 Oct. 2015
from https://
www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbo
ok/stress-and-healthpsychology-17/introduction-to-health-psychology-85/t
he-biopsychosocial-model-of-health-and-illness326-1286
• Engel GL: The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J
Psychiatry 1980;137:535-544.

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