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2.4 Operating Systems and Execution Environments

The document discusses operating systems and execution environments for wireless sensor networks. It describes embedded operating systems, programming paradigms like concurrent and event-based programming, interfaces to the operating system, and how the operating system interacts with communication protocol stacks. It also discusses dynamic energy and power management techniques like probabilistic state transition policies, controlling dynamic voltage scaling, and trading off fidelity against energy consumption.

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saravanan
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671 views

2.4 Operating Systems and Execution Environments

The document discusses operating systems and execution environments for wireless sensor networks. It describes embedded operating systems, programming paradigms like concurrent and event-based programming, interfaces to the operating system, and how the operating system interacts with communication protocol stacks. It also discusses dynamic energy and power management techniques like probabilistic state transition policies, controlling dynamic voltage scaling, and trading off fidelity against energy consumption.

Uploaded by

saravanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SUBJECT

20ECEL602
CODE

TYPE THE SUBJECT NAME HERE

UNIT NO 2
SENSOR NETWORK ARCHITECTURES

2.4 Operating Systems and Execution Environments

III VI
20ECEL602
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
20ECEL602

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Embedded Operating Systems


The traditional tasks of an operating system are controlling and protecting
the access to resources, managing their allocation to users and support
for concurrent execution of processes. • These tasks are only partially
required in an embedded system and these systems do not have required
resources to support a full-blown operating system. • In particular, the
need for energy-efficient execution requires support for energy
management or Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) techniques. • Also,
external components like sensors, the radio modem, or timers should be
handled easily and efficiently. • All this requires an appropriate
programming model to structure a protocol stack and explicit support for
energy management.

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Programming Paradigms
1. Concurrent Programming • The support for concurrent execution is
crucial for WSN nodes to handle data coming from arbitrary sources like
multiple sensors or the radio transceiver at arbitrary points in time. • For
example, a system can poll a sensor to decide whether data is available
and process the data, then poll the transceiver to check whether a packet
is available and then immediately process the packet and so on.

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Contd..
2. Process Based Concurrency
Most general-purpose operating systems support concurrent execution of
multiple processes on a single CPU. Hence such a process-based
approach can be used to support concurrency in a sensor node as
illustrated in (b) of Figure 10. • Mapping such an execution model of
concurrent processes to a sensor node shows that there are some
granularity mismatches. • This problem is severe for smaller tasks to be
executed when compared to overhead.

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Fig 10 / Programming Models for WSN

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Contd..
3. Event-based Programming • The system waits for any event to happen,
where an event can be the availability of data from a sensor, or arrival of a
packet. • Such an event is then handled by a short sequence of
instructions that stores the occurrence of event and necessary
information. • This is called event based programming model as shown in
Figure 11. • This programming model distinguishes between two different
“contexts”: - time-critical event handlers (execution cannot be interrupted)
and for the processing of normal code (only triggered by the event
handlers).

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Fig 11 / Event Based Programming Model

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Contd..
4. Interfaces to Operating System • In WSNs, the interfaces should be
accessible from protocol implementations. • This interface is closely tied
with the structure of protocol stacks. • For example Application
Programming Interface (API) comprises, a “functional interface, object
abstractions, and detailed behavioral semantics”. • Abstractions are
wireless links, nodes and so on. • The possible functions include state
inquiry, manipulation, transmitting of data, access to hardware and setting
of policies.

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Operating System & Protocols Stack


• In communication protocol structuring, the individual protocols are
stacked on top of each other, each layer only using functions of the layer
directly below. • This layered approach has multiple benefits in keeping
the entire protocol stack manageable. • As an example, consider the use
of information about the strength of the signal received from a
communication partner. • This physical layer information can be used to
assist in networking protocols to decide about routing changes. • Hence,
one single source of information can be used by many other protocols not
directly associated with the source of this information. • Such cross-layer
information exchange is one way to loosen the strict confinements of the
layered approach.

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Dynamic Energy & Power Management


1. Probabilistic State Transition Policies • These policies regulate the
transition between various sleep states. • They start out by considering
sensors randomly distributed over a fixed area and events arrive with
certain temporal distributions and spatial distributions. • This allows them
to compute probabilities for the time to the next event, once an event has
been processed.

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Contd..
2. Controlling Dynamic Voltage Scaling • For example, only a single task has to be
run in an operating system. Hence, a clever scheduler is required to decide exact
clock rate to use in that situation to meet all deadlines. This can require feedback
from applications for example, video playback in reference. 3. Trading off fidelity
against energy consumption •There are certain tasks that can be computed with a
higher or lower level of accuracy. The fidelity achieved by such tasks is a
candidate for trading off against other resources. In a WSN, the natural trade-off is
against energy required to compute a task.
20ECEL602

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