Scribd
Upload
7 views21 pages

Lec 2 3

Uploaded by

engrse72
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views21 pages

Lec 2 3

Uploaded by

engrse72
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

OBJECT-ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING (OOP)
LECTURE NO. 2
INFORMATION HIDING

• Information is stored within the object

• It is hidden from the outside world

• It can only be manipulated by the object


itself
EXAMPLE – INFORMATION
HIDING

• Ali’s name is stored within his brain

• We can’t access his name directly

• Rather we can ask him to tell his


name
EXAMPLE – INFORMATION
HIDING

• A phone stores several phone numbers

• We can’t read the numbers directly from the SIM


card

• Rather phone-set reads this information for us


INFORMATION HIDING
ADVANTAGES

• Simplifies the model by hiding implementation


details

• It is a barrier against change propagation


ENCAPSULATION

• Data and behaviour are tightly coupled inside an object

• Both the information structure and implementation details of


its
operations are hidden from the outer world
EXAMPLE – ENCAPSULATION

• Ali stores his personal information and knows how to


translate it to the desired language

• We don’t know
• How the data is stored
• How Ali translates this information
EXAMPLE – ENCAPSULATION

• A Phone stores phone numbers in digital format and


knows
how to convert it into human-readable characters

• We don’t know
• How the data is stored
• How it is converted to human-readable characters
ENCAPSULATION – ADVANTAGES

• Simplicity and
clarity

• Low complexity

• Better understanding
OBJECT HAS AN INTERFACE

• An object encapsulates data and behaviour


• So how objects interact with each other?
• Each object provides an interface (operations)
• Other objects communicate through this
interface
EXAMPLE – INTERFACE OF A
CAR
• Steer Wheels
• Accelerate
• Change Gear
• Apply Brakes
• Turn Lights On/Off
EXAMPLE – INTERFACE OF A
PHONE
• Input Number
• Place Call
• Disconnect Call
• Add number to address
book
• Remove number
• Update number
IMPLEMENTATION

• Provides services offered by the object


interface

• This includes
• Data structures to hold object state
• Functionality that provides required services
EXAMPLE – IMPLEMENTATION
OF GEAR BOX

• Data Structure
• Mechanical structure of gear
box

• Functionality
• Mechanism to change gear
EXAMPLE – IMPLEMENTATION
OF ADDRESS BOOK IN A PHONE

• Data Structure
• SIM card

• Functionality
• Read/write circuitry
SEPARATION OF INTERFACE &
IMPLEMENTATION

• Means change in implementation does not effect


object interface

• This is achieved via principles of information hiding


and encapsulation
EXAMPLE – SEPARATION OF
INTERFACE &
IMPLEMENTATION
• A driver can drive a car independent of engine type
(petrol, diesel)

• Because interface does not change with the


implementation
EXAMPLE – SEPARATION OF
INTERFACE &
IMPLEMENTATION
• A driver can apply brakes independent of brakes type
(simple, disk)

• Again, reason is the same interface


ADVANTAGES OF SEPARATION

• Users need not to worry about a change until the interface is


same

• Low Complexity

• Direct access to information structure of an object can


produce errors
MESSAGES

• Objects communicate through messages


• They send messages (stimuli) by invoking
appropriate operations on the target object
• The number and kind of messages that can be sent to an
object depends upon its interface
EXAMPLES – MESSAGES

• A Person sends message (stimulus) “stop” to a Car by


applying
brakes

• A Person sends message “place call” to a Phone by pressing


appropriate button

You might also like