BASIC STATISTICS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
Statistics- is a branch of mathematics that deals with
the collection, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting
numerical data.
Types of Statistics
• Broadly speaking, applied statistics can be divided into two
areas: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics consists of methods for organizing,
displaying, and describing data by using tables, graphs, and
summary measures.
Inferential statistics consists of methods that use sample
results to help make decisions or predictions about a
population.
Population Versus Sample
Population or Target Population is a population consists of
all elements—individuals, items, or objects—whose
characteristics are being studied.
Or is The whole collection of individuals that one intends to
study.
Sample is a portion of the population selected for study is
referred to as a sample.
Population Versus Sample
Types of Variables
A variable is a characteristic under study that assumes different values for different
elements.
Types of Variables
Quantitative variable is a variable that can be measured numerically is called a
quantitative variable.
Discrete Variable is a variable whose values are countable is called a discrete
variable. In
other words, a discrete variable can assume only certain values with no intermediate
values.
Continuous Variable is a variable that can assume any numerical value over
a certain interval or intervals is called a continuous variable.
Qualitative or Categorical Variable is a variable that cannot assume a numerical value but
can be classified into two or more nonnumeric categories is called a qualitative or
categorical variable.
Sources of data
Records Surveys Experiments
Types of Data
• Nominal data:-
• Data that represent categories or names. There is no
implied order to the categories of nominal data.
• In these types of data, individuals are simply placed in the
proper category or group, and the number in each category
is counted. Each item must fit into exactly one category.
• Some examples of nominal data:
• Eye color: - brown, black, etc.
• Religion:- Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, etc
• Sex :- male, female
• Ordinal Data:- have order among the response classifications
(categories). The spaces or intervals between the categories are not
necessarily equal.
• Example:
• strongly agree
• agree
• no opinion
• disagree
• strongly disagree
Or Grades such us A, B, C, D, F
• Interval Data:-
In interval data the intervals between values are the same. For
example, in the Fahrenheit temperature scale, the difference between
70 degrees and 71 degrees is the same as the difference between 32
and 33 degrees. But the scale is not a RATIO Scale.
Ratio Data:-
The data values in ratio data do have meaningful ratios, for
example, age is a ratio data, someone who is 40 is twice as old
as someone who is 20. Both interval and ratio data involve
measurement.
Most data analysis techniques that apply to ratio data also
apply to interval data.
Therefore, in most practical aspects, these types of data
(interval and ratio) are grouped under metric data.
In some other instances, these type of data are also known as
numerical discrete and numerical continuous.
