Pipes &

Fittings
Considerations in choosing
materials:

• Quality and durability.

• Resistance to external and internal

contact with foreign matters.

• Resistance to acid waste and

other chemical elements that will
pass into it.

• Cost of materials and labor.

 Pipes &
Cast Iron Soil Pipe Fittings
• Most popular and generally specified material
for drainage installation. Extensively used in the
60s and 70s.
• Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
• Commercial length: 600 cm
• Diameters: 50-150mm
• Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid
formed by Carbon
• Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that
create rust

2 Types:
1. SV type - generally used; for building installations

2. XV type - extra duty; for underground installations

 Pipes &
Fittings
4
Varieties:
Standard Pipe Single Hub Pipe

Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe

 Pipes &
Fittings
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
• Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon

• Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations

where acid wastes are being discharged

• Brittle and cracks easily, thus horizontal runs have to be Supported at

every 1.50 meter interval to prevent sagging

Asbestos Pipe
• Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement
• Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts

• Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties

 Pipes &
Fittings
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
• Cheapest of all types of pipes

• Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take

slight soil movement without danger of
cracking or pulling out of its joints.
• May be softened/damaged by excessive hot
water or chemical flow

Vitrified Clay Pipe

• One of the oldest materials used for sewer lines

• Highly resistant to most acids

• Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and cracks

easily when laid on unstable ground

• Made in short lengths of 750mm

 Pipes &
Fittings
Lead
Pipe
• The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems
• Highly resistant to acid
• Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not
recommended to convey water for human
consumption

Galvanized Steel
Pipe
• Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15 to 25 years
• Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can cause FHL
• Comes in several commercial sizes: 10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”), 20
(3/4”), 25 (1’), 32 (1¼”), 38 (1½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and
100 (4”)

Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe

• Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation
• More resistant to acid waste
 Pipes &
Fittings
Copper Pipe
• Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
• Easy to install
• Smooth interior surface
Classification:
 K type- heaviest; recommended for undergroundinstallations
 L type- lighter; available in both rigid and flexible
form; recommended for residential water
supply line and radiant heating installations

 M type- thinnest; available only in rigid form; for

small water supply lines and radiant heating
installations

BrassPipe
• Most expensive
• Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
• Resistant to acids and has a smoothinterior
surface
 Pipes &
Fittings
Plastic or Synthetic
Pipe
• Developed in Germany in 1935
• Most are produced from synthetic resins
• Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is easy to
cut, is flexible, has a smooth interior surface, and is
cheaper than steel
2 Types:
1. Rigid type (pipes)
 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
 Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
 Polypropylene (PP)
 Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

2. Flexible type (tubing)

 The Polyethylene (PE)- coil form; 30 m long
 The Polybutylene (PB)- coil form; 30 m – 150 m long
pipe fittings are attached to the end
of pipes that allow it to:
Elbows: Used to change the angle or direction of the pipe run. Most commonly in 90
degrees and 45 degree turns. The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a transition or
change in direction is made.

Street Elbows: One end of the pipe fitting has male threads and the other end has
female threads. These are common in galvanized steel and copper pipe. They are
convenient because they do away with the need for a nipple and work well in tight
quarters.

Tee Fittings: Shaped like the letter T. Allows for branch lines.

Couplings: Used to join two straight piecesof pipe of the same diameter.

Reducers: Used to join pipe of different diameters. Makes a gradual change in

diameter.

Bushings: Used to make the diameter of a pipe fitting smaller. They are different
from reducers because they make an abrupt change in diameter and take little space.

Unions: Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes cannot be turned or when a piece
of equipment may have to be removed for maintenance or replacement.
Adaptor Fittings: Used to change the end of a non-threaded pipe to male or female
threads as needed. Most commonly used in copper and plastic plumbing jobs.

Caps: Used to close the end of a dead-end pipe.

Plugs: Used to close an ending on a pipe fitting normally used for inspection or
cleanout.

Nipples: Short lengths of pipe threaded at both ends.

Wyes: Used primarily to gain inside access to DWV(drain-waste-vent) systems.

Valves: Devices that control the flow of liquid or gas through or from a pipe.
(Compression valves, ball valves, sleeve-cartridge valves, ceramic disc valves, etc)

PVC Fittings: Come in a wide variety of configurations and may be glued (S) or
threaded (T)

Copper Tubing Fittings: Use compression fittings. Common fittings are

couplings, ells, andtees.
 Pipes &
Fittings
Types of
Fittings:
COUPLING/ MALE
SOCKET ADAPTOR

EXTENSION
PIECE/ FEMALE
NIPPLE ADAPTOR

45°
REDUCER STREET
ELBOW

90°
REDUCING STREET
ELBOW ELBOW
 Pipes &
Fittings

UNION

CROSS

TEE

PLUG

REDUCING
TEE

DOUBLE
HUB

CAP
 Pipes &
Fittings
Other water Service
Fittings & Devices:

CORPORATION
STOP

METER
STOP

CURB
STOP

WATER
METER
CURB
STOP
BOX
 Pipes &
Fittings

SANITARY FITTINGS
Pipes &
Fittings
 Pipes &
Fittings
Piping Symbols for
Plumbing:
Pipes &
Fittings
 Pipes & Fittings

PlumbingAbbreviations:
 Pipes & Fittings
Pipe & Fitting Symbols:
Pipes &
Fittings
Pipes &
Fittings
Pipes &
Fittings
CONTROLS AND VALVES
 CONTROLS AND VALVES
Function of Valves:
• Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water

Rules Regarding Location

of Valves:
Locate & distribute valves in such a
manner that they can isolate a certain
section of the network in case of
system breakdown (before each
branch)

Locate valves where they are not

too visible while remaining
accessible to users
 CONTROLS AND VALVES
Types of Valves:

2 Types:
• The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc

• The Double Disc Valve

 CONTROLS AND VALVES

3 Types:
• The Plug Type Disc Valve
-for throttling

• The Conventional Disc Valve (BallType)

-for shutting

• The Composition Disc Valve

-for steam and hotwater
 CONTROLS AND VALVES
Check Valve Main function is to preventreversal of
flow (backflow) in the line

4 Types:
• The Swing Check Valve

• The Lift Check Valve

• Vertical Check Valve

• Horizontal Check Valve

 CONTROLS AND VALVES

Angle Valve Operates in the same manneras

globe valve (disc & seatdesign)

Used to make a 90° turn in a line

Reduces number of joints

Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the

pumps

Used mainly to prevent lossof

priming of the pumps

a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’

CONTROLS AND VALVES
CONTROLS AND VALVES

Compression Operates by the

Cock compression of a
soft packing upon a
metal sheet

Key Cock Operates with a

round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.

‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fitfor
a hose

Ball Faucet Constructed with a

ball connected to
the handle
 INSPECTION AND TESTS

Water Testing:
• Testing of water supply piping is conducted by
closing all outlets & filling the system with water
from the main to locate leaks and other potential
problems

Air Pressure Testing:

• Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping
system with compressed air (use of soap suds
in locating escaping air)