Hi everyone!

Today’s topic
-Clauses
-By Tamanna Kaushik
*What are clauses ?
* Clause is a group of words which have their own
subject the (the doer) and verb (the action).
* Subject in a clause can be hidden or visible but the
verb should be visible.
* A clause can be a part of a compound or complex
sentence.
* A clause can act as a sentence or a part of sentence.
*Clause-
* For example:
* He is nice person.
* I eat chocolates
* The train was late.
* Rahul participated in the competition.
* She danced.
* They opened the door.
* He drank coffee.
* The dog barked.
* Charu runs in a race
*D/B a clause , phrase and a
sentence:
* Sentence is a group of words that makes a complete
sense by itself.
* A sentence has an independent Clause.
* For Example :
* I can dance in the competition.
* They played football.
* Rahul visited london.
* They will think about the matter.
* Sunita eats junk food.
* She can drink warm milk.
* He is smiling.
 *Phrase-

* A phrase is a group of words that doesn’t have a subject and

a verb.
* It is not independently meaningful.
* For example:
* Birds need water- Noun phrase
* I will be dancing in the party- Verb phrase
* He has interesting Ideas- Adjective phrase
* They spoke as fast as possible- Adverb phrase
* They discusses after the dinner- Prepositional phrase
*Types of clauses-
* Here are the types
Of clauses-
Clause

Principa Sub-
l ordinat
Clause e
Clause
*Principal Clause-
* Principal clause is also known as independent clause.
* Principal clause is a group of words the consists of a subject
and a verb.
* It can make complete sense by itself.
* An independent clause cannot be used as nouns, adverbs or
adjectives because they are complete sentences by itself.
* For ex- She writes letters.
* It is dark.
* I will take action.
* Priyanka Is my best friend.
* She stays at home.
* They went to the market.
 *Subordinate Clause-
* Subordinate clause is also known se dependent clause.
* It needs an independent clause to complete its meaning.
* A dependent clause also consists of a subject and a verb but it is
not meaningful by itself.
* Dependent clauses can be used as a noun, adverb or adjective.
* For Example-
* If you are free.
* Because they are free.
* Although I was scared.
* After they eat dinner.
* Whether she thinks about it.
* Wherever they go.
* Who are the ice-cream.
* Unless they graduates.
*Classification of Clauses-
* Clauses are classified into 3 types bsed on the function
they perform-
* Clause - Noun Clause

Adverb Clause

Relative or
Adjective
Clause
*Noun Clause-
* A noun clause is a dependent clause that works like a noun in
a sentence.
* A noun clause begins with following words.

How That What

Whatever When Where
Whether Which Whichever
Who Whoever Whom
Whomever Why
*Functions of noun clause-
* A noun clause can act as:

• Subject
• Subject complement
• Object of a verb
• Object of a preposition
• Adjective complement
• Noun+ Noun clause
 *Adverb clause-
* An adverb clause is a group of words that function as an
adverb in a sentence.
* For example-
* Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus.
* Before we go on vacation, we must book the ticket.
* She must keep practicing the dance until she get its right.
* Send us a message when you come back from your trip.
* You need to keep calm even if everyone else panics.
* We can go for shopping as long as the market as long as
the market is open.
*Types of adverb Clause-
* Adverb clauses are of different types based on
different questions they answer.
* Adverb clause are used to answer the questions
when, where, how, why – to describe time,
place, manner, purpose, etc.
*Adverb Clause-

* Adverb clause answer different Questions and begin

with different subordinationg conjunctions like:
*
Place Where, Wherever,
Everywhere
Time When, after, before, until,
since, while, once, as, as
soon as,
Cause/Reason Because, since, as, so
Condition If, unless
Concession Although, even though,
even if, while
Adverb Clauses based on the questions they describe :

• Adverb clause of place

• Adverb clause of time
• Adverb clause of cause/Reason.
• Adverb clause of condition
• Adverb clause of concession.
 *Relative Clause-
* A relative clause is a type of dependent clause.
* It works to describe a noun in a sentence.
* It function as an adjective in the sentence and so
relative clause is also known as adjective clause.

* Relative clause is of 2 types-

Defining

Non-Defining
*Defining Relative clause
* A defining relative cause is also known as restrictive
clause.
* A defining relative clause tells us which specific
person or thing we are talking about in a larger
group of people or things.
* If a defining relative clause is removed, the meaning
of the sentences changes significantly.
* They answer the questions which, what, whose.
 *Examples-
* I like the kid who lives the next door.
* The mirror that I bought yesterday is already broken.
* The man who stolen our money has been arrested.
* They live in a house whose walls are not painted.
* She is the woman who gives me chocolates.
* They are the people who want to buy our car.
* My sister who completed the college is coming
tomorrow.
*Non-Defining Relative Clause
* A non-defining relative clause is also known as non-
restrictive clause.
* Non-defining clauses gives additional information about
the person or thing we are talking about.
* If a non-defining relative clause is removed from a
sentence we lose some detail, but the meaning of the
sentence remains the same.
 *Examples-

* Tamanna’s father, who lives in delhi, Has 2 cars.

* My sister, who went to my college, has written a song.
* We went to the ABC park, which is closed tomorrow.
* I had visited delhi, where India gate is located.
* I met sakshi , who works in advertising agency.
* My uncle, who is 79, goes to play tennis everyday.
* The award was given to priyanka, whose project
impressed the judges.