ENGLISH LANGUAGE
COURSE
BASICS TO ADVANCE LEVEL
Basic concept
Tenses (past , present, future)
Parts of speech (Noun , Pronoun, verb)
Active voice passive voice
Direct and indirect
Narration
Punctuation and other topics
Sentence.
A group of words which gives complete sense, is
called Sentence.
Example . Usama is going to London.
Kinds of sentences.
Assertive
Interrogative
Imperative
Exclamatory
Assertive
(To give information)
affirmative negative
Sub+h.v+m.v+obj Sub +h.v+not+m.v+obj
Usama is going to London Usama is not going to London
Ali is playing football Ali is not playing football
Interrogative sentence
(To ask question)
Direct interrogative Indirect interrogative
example example
What is your name? I want to know what your name
is.
Direct interrogative
Direct Question.
Yes/ no question Wh, question
hv+sub+m.v+obj? Wh word +hv+sub+m.v+obj?
Are you writing? Why are you writing?
Note.
If yes and no question and wh question comes
together in a singal sentence in this case the first
sentence will be in interrogative form and second
in assermative form.
May I know where are you going?
Could you tell me why did you not speak the
truth?
Practice
Do you know when he shall be leaving for his
higher studies in the China?
May I know whom you do not talk to him?
Indirect interogative
I want to know what your name is.
Assertive interrogative
Note indirect interrogative does not have anything to
do with the interrogative structure. Neither h.v
comes beforesubject nor question mark comes at
the end of the sentence.
example
I did not understawhy did you not call me last
night.
I did not understawhy you did not call me last
night.
I asked him why did he call me a fool.
Imperative sentence.
to express (order advise ,request)
structure v1 do do not,let
Example
work hard
Please, finish the work
Do not talk to her
Exclamatory sentence
To express emotions strong feelings reaction
Structure what how
Structure interjection hurrah wow
Example what a movie
Hurrah I got selected for the job
Optative sentence
To express wish curse blessing
Structure may+sub+v1!
may+sub+v1.
Example may god bless you
Phrase
A group of words which makes sense but not complete
sense is called phrase.
Example
Under the tree
At the door
Note
A phrase is a group of words without a sub verb
combination
A phrase can not be a complete sentence because it
does not give complete meaning.
What does a phrase do?
The purpose of phrase is to complement the overall
structure of the sentence.
example
She is sitting under the tree.
clause
A clause is a group of words which gives complete
meaning and also has a sub verb combination
Example she is hungry
He is feeling well today
Note
A simple sentence can also be called one clause.
Note
Some sentence may have more than one clause.
Example
I waited for her but she did not come.
Anny likes me but I like humna because want to
marry her.
Types of clause
Independent clause
Dependent clasue.
Independent clause
An independent clause is the same as a complete
senetence and can stand alone.
Example
He ate dinner.
I was working.
Dependent clause
Dependent clause can not stand alone it has a sub
verb combination but it could not be a sentence by
it self it needs an independent clause to complete
the sentence.
Example
When ahsan got home
When ahsan got home , he ate dinner.
Parts of speech
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
verb
Action (I go to office daily)
State of being (I am a teacher)
Example
Go /write/play/is / am /will etc
Noun
Noun( naming word)
example
Ahmed / karachi/table/ horse etc
Sentence: Ahmed lives in karachi
pronoun
Pronoun( replaces a noun)
example
I/we you me my ourselves etc
Ahmed is tired, he wants to sleep.
Adjective
Adjective ( modifies noun /pronoun)
example
Big happy green crazy etc
example
She has a pink hat
Hina is very beautiful.
Adverb
Modifies a verb adverb adjective
Example (slowly very always never tomorrow here
etc)
he is walking slowly.
hina is very beautiful.
Note how where when how often to what extent.
Preposition
It shows a relationship of a noun /pronoun to
another
Example
At in with near between etc
He lives in pakistan
There is a cat under the table
Conjunction
Joining word
Example
And or but because since
Example
Ahmed and bilal are friends
He was guilty so he was punished.
Interjection
Expressive word
Example hurrah! Wow! Oh! Oh shit! Ouch!
Example
Ouch! That hurt
Wow! we won the match
Parts of speech
Noun (naming word)
Pronoun(replaces a noun)
Verb(action state )
Adverb ( modifies verb adverb adjective)
Adjective( modifies noun and pronoun)
Preposition(shows relationship)
Conjunction(joining word)
Interjection (expressive word)
Verb
Primary Modals finite Non finite
Be ( is am Can could may Transitive and Infinite
are was were might will intransitive Gerund
be been would shall participle
being) should dare
need must used
to ought to
Have (has
have had )
Do ( does
did)
V1base form plural
V2 past form
V3 past participle
V4 present participle
V5 base form singular
example
He writes poem
They played football
I am going to london
He is going to london
They have to london
I am a teacher
She was a singer
I have four sons
Verb
examples
He is a good man
He is learning english
He does his homework daily
He does not come to class regularly.
Object
But
Noun naming word
Article +word noun
Word+s /es pl.word noun
Object
Verb +object preposition+object
Verb what/whom=obj
Object =noun/pronoun
Example
He kicked the ball
She killed him
We ate mangoes
I love you
The baby was crying
She came on time
I am going to london
Ali speaks loudly
examples
I saw a sick man
The supporters ran away after the meeting
The price of car have fallen sharply
Sub complement
Linking verbs+sub complement
Linking verbs look/sound/smell/feel taste appear
seem get grow remain become be(main verb)
Sub complement- noun/pronoun/adj
Sub =sub complement
Example
I am a teacher.
We are friends.
She is beautiful.
Sugar tastes sweet.
She seems lucky
She is a beautiful girl
It was they who were running fast
Sub complement are not as object
He married a writer
He became a writer
Sub =!object
Sub=sub complement
Subject
Subject =noun / pronoun
Example
A dog is barking
We shall go to the party
A cool guy is looking here.
Dead men tell no tales
Example
The childern in the first row received the sweets
In singapore, my brother-in-law with his wife was
present at the function.
Bring a glass of water.
Shut the door.
Example
I went to watch a movie yesterday
He has gone to watch a movie.
They have gone to watch a movie
They will go to watch a movie tomorrow
Finite verbs vs non finite verbs
Finite verbs
Finite means bound finite verbs must agree with
the number and person of its subject.
Non finite verbs
Unlike finite verbs,non finite verbs are not bound
by tense and number or person of subject.
Transitive verbs
Always takes an object
Reply to what whom after the verbs is called the
object
Object=noun/pronoun.
Example
She kicked the ball
I love you
We ate mangoes
Ahsan killed him
Intransitive verbs
Which does not have an object or which does not
take any object.
Example
She is going to london.
She came on time
They cried loudly
Non finite verbs
Infinitive
Gerund
Participles.
infinitive
To +v1
As a subject
Example
To walk is a good exercise
To swim is good for health
As an object
I want to go.
I want to speak.
She loves to play.
Gerund
(v+ing)
As a subject
Example
Walking is a good exercise
Swimming is good for health
Teaching is a good profession.
As an object
Example
Aliza likes dancing
I enjoyed drinking
Preposition+object
She is good at swim
She is good at swimming
I am sorry for tell you all this
I am sorry for telling you all this
I am tired of argue
I am tired of arguing
Participle
Present participle (v + ing)
Past participle v3
perfect participle having +v3, after +ving
Example
A horse is running
I saw a running horse
She has written a letter
Police wanted a written statement
Find gerund and participle
Snowboarding is a winter sport
I love Snowboarding
I am excited by snowboarding.
What an amazing movie
Example
I am trying to sleep
She loves travelling
