SINGLE LOOP CIRCUITS VOLTAGE DIVISION: THE SIMPLEST CASE

BACKGROUND: USING KVL AND KCL WE CAN

WRITE ENOUGH EQUATIONS TO ANALYZE ANY
LINEAR CIRCUIT. WE NOW START THE STUDY
OF SYSTEMATIC, AND EFFICIENT, WAYS OF
USING THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT LAWS KVL ON
b c THIS
WRITE 5 KCL EQS
a 2 3 LOOP
OR DETERMINE THE
6 b ran ch es ONLY CURRENT
1 6 n o d es FLOWING
4
1 lo o p

f 6 e 5 d
A L L E L E M E N T S IN S E R IE S
O N LY O N E CURREN T

THE PLAN
• BEGIN WITH THE SIMPLEST ONE LOOP CIRCUIT
• EXTEND RESULTS TO MULTIPLE SOURCE
• AND MULTIPLE RESISTORS CIRCUITS

IMPORTANT VOLTAGE
DIVIDER EQUATIONS
 SUMMARY OF BASIC VOLTAGE DIVIDER A “PRACTICAL” POWER APPLICATION

R1
v R1  v (t )
R1  R2

EXAMPLE : VS  9V , R1  90k, R2  30k

VOLUME
CONTROL?

R1  15k  HOW CAN ONE REDUCE THE LOSSES?

 THE CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRIC
CONNECTION AND PHYSICAL LAYOUT
THIS CONCEPT WILL OFTEN BE USED TO SIMPLFY
THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS. WE INTRODUCE IT SOMETIMES, FOR PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION
HERE WITH A VERY SIMPLE VOLTAGE DIVIDER REASONS, COMPONENTS THAT ARE ELECTRICALLY
CONNECTED MAY BE PHYSICALLY QUITE APART

i R1 i
vS +
-
vS +
-
R1  R2
R2
vS
i
R1  R2

AS FAR AS THE CURRENT IS CONCERNED BOTH

CIRCUITS ARE EQUIVALENT. THE ONE ON THE
RIGHT HAS ONLY ONE RESISTOR
SERIES COMBINATION OF RESISTORS

R1 R2 R1  R2


IN ALL CASES THE RESISTORS ARE

CONNECTED IN SERIES
CONNECTOR SIDE

ILLUSTRATING THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN PHYSICAL LAYOUT AND
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS

PHYSICAL NODE

PHYSICAL NODE

SECTION OF 14.4 KB VOICE/DATA MODEM

CORRESPONDING POINTS

COMPONENT SIDE
 FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES
 v2 
 v R1  Voltage sources in series can be
+ - algebraically added to form an
  equivalent source.
R1
v1 v3
-
+ +
-
 
We select the reference direction to
i(t)  move along the path.

R2 vR2 Voltage drops are subtracted from rises
-

v5 +



+ -

KVL  v4 
vR1  v2  v3  vR 2  v4  v5  v1  0 R1
Collect all sources on one side
v1  v2  v3  v4  v5   vR1  vR 2
veq +
R2
v   v
-

eq R1  vR 2
SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS
FIND I ,Vbd , P (30k )

APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP

LOOP FOR Vbd

Vbd  12  20[k ] I  0 (KVL)  Vbd  10V

POWER ON 30k  RESISTOR
P  I 2 R  (10 4 A) 2 (30 *103 )  30mW

v R  Ri i 
i

VOLTAGE DIVISION FOR MULTIPLE RESISTORS

 THE “INVERSE” VOLTAGE DIVIDER
R1

VS +
- R2 VO APPLY KVL
 TO THIS LOOP

VOLTAGE DIVIDER "INVERSE" DIVIDER

R2 R1  R2
VO  VS VS  VO  6  80kI  12  40kI  0  I  0.05mA
R1  R2 R2
Vbd  40kI  12V  0  Vbd  10V

COMPUTE VS


3V


INVERSE DIVIDER PROBLEM

" INVERSE" DIVIDER
25  15  20
220  20 VS  3  9V
VS  458.3  500k 20
220
Notice use of
passive sign
convention

 80k  * i ( t )  KVL :  6V  80k  * i ( t )  12V  40k  * i ( t )  0

6V
i(t )    0.05mA
 120k 
i(t ) 40k  * i ( t )


Knowing the current one can compute ALL

the remaining voltages and powers
 EXAMPLE
9V
A 20k B C
+ -
I
12V +
- DETERMINE I 30k
KVL FOR VDAUSING KVL

E 10k D
V DA 
VCD  30k * I  1.5V

I DE  0.05mA

KVL : - 12  20k * I  9  30k * I  10k * I  0

3V
I  0.05mA
60k
KVL : V DA  12  10k * I  0
VDA  11 .5V
  Vab 
KVL HERE
EXAMPLE
3Vx
b  4V  a
+-
 Vx 
4k I
+
- APPLY KVL V X Vab 
VS
 P(3Vx ) 
TO THIS LOOP

Sometimes you may want

to vary a bit VS  12V OR KVL HERE

P(3Vx ) is the power absorbed or

supplied by the dependent source

KVL :  12  4  3V X  V X  0  V X  2V
KVL : Vab  4  3V X  0  Vab  10V
KVL : Vab  VS  V X  0
P(3V )  3V X I (PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION)
X

4V
OHMS' LAW : I   1mA
4k
P(3V X
)  2[V ] *1[mA]  2mW
 SINGLE NODE-PAIR CIRCUITS
IN PRACTICE NODES MAY ASSUME STRANGE
THESE CIRCUITS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY ALL
FORMS
THE ELMENTS HAVING THE SAME VOLTAGE
ACROSS THEM - THEY ARE IN PARALLEL


V


EXAMPLE OF SINGLE NODE-PAIR


LOW DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER
V


THIS ELEMENT IS INACTVE (SHORT-CIRCUITED)

LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY FOR CRT - PARTIAL VIEW

SAMPLE PHYSICAL NODES

COMPONENT SIDE CONNECTION SIDE

 BASIC CURRENT DIVIDER Rp
THE CURRENT DIVISION
APPLY KCL

THE CURRENT i(t) ENTERS THE NODE AND

SPLITS - IT IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE
CURRENTS i1(t) AND i2(t)

USE OHM’S LAW TO REPLACE

CURRENTS

DEFINE “PARALLEL RESISTANCE COMBINATION” 1 4

I1  (5)  1mA 2
I  I  I1  (5)
1 1 4 1 5
i (t )  v (t )
Rp
R1 R2
v (t )  i (t )
R1  R2
 FIND I1 , I2 , VO

WHEN IN DOUBT… REDRAW THE CIRCUIT TO

HIGHLIGHT ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS!!

IS EASIER
TO SEE THE
DIVIDER  80k * I 2
24V
 CAR STEREO AND CIRCUIT MODEL

215mA
215mA

POWER PER SPEAKER

LEARNING EXTENSION - CURRENT DIVIDER THERE IS MORE THAN ONE

OPTION TO COMPUTE I2

USING CURRENT DIVIDER

KCL : I 2  16  I1  0
40
I2   (16)  4mA
120  40
POWER : I 2 R
RESISTANCE IN k, P  144 * 40mW  5.76W

120 CURRENT IN mA YIELD POWER IN mW

I1  (16) I1  12mA
120  40
 FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES
APPLY KCL TO THIS NODE

EQUIVALENT SOURCE

DEFINE “PARALLEL RESISTANCE COMBINATION”

1
iO ( t )  v (t )
Rp
R1 R2
v (t )  iO ( t )
R1  R2
 FIND VO AND THE POWER
SUPPLIED BY THE SOURCES

6k 
VO
10mA 3k
15mA 

 VO  10V
Rp VO P15 mA  VO (15mA)
5mA   150mW
6k * 3k P6 mA  VO (10mA)
Rp   2 k
6k  3k  100mW
SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS

APPLY KCL TO THIS NODE

Ohm’s Law at every resistor

v ( t )  RP i O ( t ) 
R
v (t )   i K (t )  p iO (t )
ik (t )  Rk
Rk 
General current divider
 Notice use of passive
 sign convention

v(t ) Once v(t) is known

v v v
 4k 6k 12k
all other variables can
be determined; e.g.,

v v v
KCL :6mA    4mA  0 12k 
4k  6k  12k  v2 16V
P6 k    2.667 mW
72V  3v  2v  48V  v  0 6k  6k 
24V  6v  0
v  4V
 FIND i1 AND THE POWER
SUPPLIED BY THE SOURCE
20k||5k

i1
4k 20k 5k
8mA
1 1 1 1 5 1 4 1
      R p  2k
R p 4k 20k 5k 20k 2k
2k AN ALTERNATIVE
i1  (8)  4mA APPROACH
4k
v  4k * i1  16V i1
P  v (8mA)  128mW 4k 4k
v ( t )  RP i O ( t ) 
R 8mA
v (t )   i K (t )  p iO (t )
ik (t )  Rk
Rk 
General current divider
 FIND THE CURRENT IL

COMBINE RESISTORS
COMBINE THE SOURCES

1mA

STRATEGY: CONVERT THE PROBLEM INTO A

BASIC CURRENT DIVIDER BY COMBINING
SOURCES AND RESISTORS.
THE NEXT SECTION EXPLORES IN MORE
DETAIL THE IDEA OF COMBINING RESISTORS

NOTICE THE MINUS SIGN

 6k 6k I2
I1
B C 3
I1  9[mA]  3mA
9
3k 3k I 2   I1
9mA
A

6k
I1 C
B 6k I1 B 3k
3k

I2 6k C
9mA
9mA
A 3k 3k 6k
A I2
DIFFERENT LOOKS FOR THE SAME
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 6k 6k
I1 I2
C
B

3k 3k
9mA
A

I1
REDRAWING A CIRCUIT
MAY, SOMETIMES, HELP TO
9mA
VISUALIZE BETTER THE
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS

A I2

6k 3k 6k 3k

C
 Determine power
+ delivered by source
2k 4k V 3k
_ 20mA P  Rp * (20mA) 2

1 1 1 1 63 4
   
Rp 2k 4k 3k 12k
12
Rp  k
13
12
P  *103  * (20 *103 ) 2 [ A]
13
4.800
P W
13
 CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
GENERAL STRATEGY
A CONVENTION ABOUT DEPENDENT SOURCES. TREAT DEPENDENT SOURCES AS REGULAR
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED THE CURRENT SOURCES AND ADD ONE MORE EQUATION FOR
AND VOLTAGE VARIABLES ARE ASSUMED IN SI THE CONTROLLING VARIABLE
UNITS OF Amps AND Volts
FIND VO  VA 
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE

VD   I X

CONTROLLING KVL
VARIABLE
FOR THIS EXAMPLE THE MULTIPLIER MUST HAVE
UNITS OF OHM
A PLAN:
OTHER DEPENDENT SOURCES SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT.
USE KVL TO DETERMINE CURRENT
VD  VX (  scalar)
KVL :  12  3k * I1  VA  5k * I1  0
I D  VX ( Siemens)
ONE EQUATION, TWO UNKNOWNS. CONTROLLING
I D  I X (  scalar) VARIABLE PROVIDES EXTRA EQUATION
AN ALTERNAT IVE DESCRIPTION V A  2k * I1
 V  UNITS REPLACE AND SOLVE FOR THE CURRENT
VD  I X ,   2  ARE EXPLICIT
 mA  I1  2mA
ASSUMES CURRENT IN mA USE OHM’S LAW
VO  5k * I1  10V
 KCL TO THIS NODE. THE
FIND VO DEPENDENT SOURCE IS JUST
ANOTHER SOURCE

A PLAN:
IF V_s IS KNOWN V_0 CAN BE DETERMINED USING VOLTAGE DIVIDER.
TO FIND V_s WE HAVE A SINGLE NODE-PAIR CIRCUIT
THE EQUATION FOR THE CONTROLLING
VARIABLE PROVIDES THE ADDITIONAL EQUATION

ALGEBRAICALLY, THERE ARE TWO UNKNOWNS

AND JUST ONE EQUATION

SUBSTITUTION OF I_0 YIELDS

VOLTAGE DIVIDER
* / 6k  5VS  60 VO  4k 2
VS  (12)V
4k  2k 3

NOTICE THE CLEVER WAY OF WRITING mA TO

HAVE VOLTS IN ALL NUMERATORS AND THE
SAME UNITS IN DENOMINATOR
FIND VO
A PLAN:
ONE LOOP PROBLEM.
FIND THE CURRENT
KVL TO THEN USE OHM’S LAW.
THIS LOOP

THE DEPENDENT SOURCE IS ONE MORE VOLTAGE

SOURCE

THE EQUATION FOR THE CONTROLLING VARIABLE

PROVIDES THE ADDITIONAL EQUATION

REPLACE AND SOLVE FOR CURRENT I … AND FINALLY

 vO ( t )
FIND G 
vi (t ) A PLAN:
ONE LOOP ON THE LEFT - KVL
KCL
ONE NODE-PAIR ON RIGHT - KCL

KVL

KVL

KCL ALSO A VOLTAGE DIVIDER

vO ( t )
gm v g ( t )  0
RL